Pressurized liquid extraction and low-pressure solvent extraction of carotenoids from pressed palm fiber: Experimental and economical evaluation
Fiorella P. Cárdenas‐ToroSylvia C. Alcázar-AlayJanclei Pereira CoutinhoHelena Teixeira GodoyTânia Forster–CarneiroM. Ângela A. Meireles
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천연 식용색소원으로서 carotenoid색소 함량이 높은 황색고추마를 선발하기 위하여 10종의 황색고구마를 수집하여 carotenoid의 함량을 조사하였다. 품종별 총 carotenoid함량은 Benihayato가 20.2 mg/100 g fr wt으로 가장 높았으며, 다른 황색고구마의 carotenoid함량은 $4.6{\sim}16.7\;mg/100\;g$ fr wt 수준이었다. 비교실험을 위해 사용된 당근은 26 mg/100 g fr wt의 carotenoid를 함유하였다. 적색도를 나타내는 Hunter +a-value는 황색고구마의 carotenoid함량과 정의 상관관계를 나타내어 $(R^{2}=0.826)$ carotenoid함량의 간접적인 측정법으로 사용이 가능함을 알 수 있었다. Carotenoid의 함량이 가장 높은 것으로 나타난 Benihayato의 carotenoid와 ${\beta}-carotene$ 표품의 absorption spectrum은 서로 유사한 경향을 나타냈는데 이는 황색고구마에 함유된 carotenoid가 대부분 ${\beta}-carotene$ 인 것으로 추정되었다. 【Twelve varieties of yellow sweet potatoes were measured for carotenoids content to assess their potential as a source of natural food colorant. Benihayato variety had the highest content of carotenoids (20.2 mg/100 g fr wt) but other varieties ranged with $4.6{\sim}16.7\;mg/100\;g$ fr wt. Hunter's +a-values (redness) increased linearly $(R^{2}=0.826)$ with carotenoids content of yellow sweet potatoes. Absorption spectrum of carotenoids extracted from the Benihayato variety was similar to that of standard ${\beta}-carotene$ indicating that carotenoids in yellow sweet potato are mostly composed of ${\beta}-carotene$ .】
beta-Carotene
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It is shown that solvent extraction, although using an inflammable solvent can be made safe. Operating difficulties are discussed, including corrosion caused by decomposition products of animal matter. Costs and returns are shown to demonstrate the profits available.
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The emergence of safe and functional eggs for consumer acceptance has gained focus. The production of carotenoid-enriched eggs has received attention due to its multifunctional biological properties. Nutritional modification of laying hens' diet can be a strategy to produce such eggs. This review presents the chemistry of carotenoids in nature and eggs, the accumulation process of carotenoids into eggs, and the functions of carotenoids in eggs. Our findings showed that carotenoids can be deposited into the egg and contribute to improving its nutritive value. The biosynthesis, chemical structure, and metabolism pathways of carotenoids lead to the deposition of carotenoids into eggs in their original or metabolized forms. Also, some factors modulate the efficiency of carotenoids in fowls before accumulation into eggs. Carotenoid-enriched eggs may be promising, ensuring the availability of highly nutritive eggs. However, further studies are still needed to comprehend the full metabolism process and the extensive functions of carotenoids in eggs.
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In this chapter the circuit of the supercritical solvent during a gas extraction process and the operations for recycling the solvent are discussed. The supercritical solvent and modifiers, which have been added to the solvent, in general must be recycled. A flow sheet of a solvent cycle is shown in Fig. 5.1.
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Carotenoid coloration is the one of the most frequently studied ornamental traits in animals. Many studies of carotenoid coloration test the associations between carotenoid coloration and measures of performance, such as immunocompetence and oxidative state, proceeding from the premise that carotenoids are limited resources. Such studies commonly involve supplementing the diets of captive birds with carotenoids. In many cases, however, the amount of carotenoid administered is poorly justified, and even supposedly carotenoid-limited diets may saturate birds' systems. To quantify the relationships among the amount of carotenoids administered in experiments, levels of circulating carotenoids, and quantities of carotenoids deposited into colored ornaments, we performed a meta-analysis of 15 published studies that supplemented carotenoids to one of seven songbird species. We used allometric scaling equations to estimate the per-gram carotenoid consumption of each study's subjects, and we used meta-regression to evaluate the effects of this carotenoid dose on differences in coloration and plasma carotenoid levels between supplemented and control groups of birds. After accounting for supplementation duration and species, we observed a significant positive correlation between carotenoid intake and response of plasma carotenoid level to supplementation. The presence of supplemental carotenoids also tended to increase the expression of ornamental coloration, but the magnitude of the carotenoid dose did not significantly affect how strongly coloration changed with supplementation. Further, coloration effect sizes had no significant relationship with plasma carotenoid effect sizes. We also found significant heterogeneity in responses among studies and species, and the parameters used to measure color significantly affected response to supplementation. Our results emphasize the importance of performing dosage trials to determine what supplementation levels provide limited versus surplus carotenoids and of measuring the natural level of carotenoid intake by the study species to validate the appropriateness of supplementation levels for a particular study species and experimental design.
Immunocompetence
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The effectiveness of carotenoids as antioxidants is dependent on a number of influencing factors. It is likely that carotenoids exhibit a tendency to lose their effectiveness as antioxidants or act as prooxidants. In this paper, factors influencing the antioxidant or prooxidant activities of carotenoids such as the molecule structure of carotenoids, the location or site of action of the carotenoid molecule within the cell, the concentration of carotenoids, the properties of reactants, the partial pressure of oxygen and the interaction with other antioxidants were reviewed.
Anti oxidant
Pro-oxidant
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The carotenoid content of 10 different organs obtained at autopsy from 16 humans was determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography assay. The same qualitative pattern of carotenoids found in serum was found for all the tissues, although there were important quantitative differences in the different carotenoids between organs. The median levels of zeaxanthins, lycopene and beta-carotene varied disproportionately between organs; similar levels of one carotenoid for two organs would not predict similar levels of another carotenoid for the same organs. Similarly, there was not a consistent relationship between all the carotenoids for a given organ. The uneven but wide tissue distribution of most dietary carotenoids may indicate an active biological role for these compounds.
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Carotenoids are well known for their contribution to the vibrant coloration of many animals and have been hypothesized to be important antioxidants. Surprisingly few examples of carotenoids acting as biologically relevant antioxidants in vivo exist, in part because experimental designs often employ dosing animals with carotenoids at levels that are rarely observed in nature. Here we use an approach that reduces carotenoid content from wild-type levels to test for the effect of carotenoids as protectants against an oxidative challenge. We used the marine copepod, Tigriopus californicus reared on a carotenoid-free or a carotenoid-restored diet of nutritional yeast and then exposed them to a prooxidant. We found that carotenoid-deficient copepods not only accumulated more damage, but also were more likely to die during an oxidative challenge than carotenoid-restored copepods. We suggest that carotenoid reduction, and not supplementation, better tests the proposed roles of carotenoids in other physiological functions in animals.
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