Distortion Caused by the Interaction of Residual Chirp in Mach–Zehnder External Modulators with Optical Cavities, Fiber Dispersion, and EDFA Gain-Slope in Analog CATV Lightwave Systems
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The advances in semiconductor device integration have generated interest in the integration of semiconductor amplifiers with laser sources for communication applications. For example, the enhanced output power of optical laser modulator sources integrated with amplifiers can have appreciable benefit. In such structures however, care must be taken to ensure that power levels within the amplifier do not become sufficiently large for patterning in the amplifier to cause cither significant system amplitude distortion or chirp. For Multiple Quantum Well (MQW) devices, carrier transport effects must be considered in detail as the carrier population in the barrier level, changing in a different manner from that in the quantum wells, contributes both indirectly to the overall amplitude distortion imposed by the amplifier and directly to the chirp. This paper therefore reports a detailed study of the role of carrier transport in optical amplifiers operating al high power, at modulation rates in excess of 10 Gb/s. It is shown that transport effects can substantially alter the chirp of the device.
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Dispersive effects in the reflection of femtosecond optical pulses from broadband dielectric mirrors
The dispersive effects of high-reflectivity broadband mirrors on femtosecond optical pulses have been analyzed for three different multilayer structures. In each case the high-reflectivity zone can be divided into two different regions symmetrically located around the mirror central frequency: high-dispersion and low-dispersion regions. The calculated temporal behavior of the reflected pulse shows high distortion of the pulse profile, a frequency chirp, and a broadening as high as a factor of 5.6, due to a single reflection, within the high-dispersion region. The use of these types of mirror should therefore be strictly limited to their low-dispersion side.
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Optical pulse reshaping in nonlinear coherent two-level amplifiers may lead to time-compressed, quasi-parabolic intensity profiles with linear chirp. Nonlinear coherent amplifiers may generate pulses with spectral width larger than the linear gain bandwidth.
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A specially-designed apodized chirped PPLN based on particular positioning of poled regions within the periods has been realized theoretically and experimentally to demonstrate the reciprocal response in the SHG spectra over a 30-nm bandwidth, for up-chirp and down-chirp directions. The simulation results are compared with another apodized chirped PPLN for which the placement of poled regions is deviated from optimum positions. The average power difference is less than 0.75 dB and the standard deviations of extrema on second harmonic power responses are 1.34 dB and 1.64 dB for two up-chirp and down-chirp directions respectively.
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A technique to suppress the waveform distortion induced in a gain-saturated semiconductor optical amplifier is described. The use of an optical filter to eliminate the frequency chirping component which accompanies the distortion reshapes the signal waveform. An experiment using a Mach-Zehnder filter confirms the technique.
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Amplitude distortion
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Dispersion, which originates from the total frequency responses of materials, devices and transmission lines, makes envelope distortion of signals inevitable in transmission systems. In this study, we investigate the group delay distortion of a signal due to the presence of dispersion in transmission systems, and propose an approach to eliminate the distortion by compensation based on engineered material dispersion. We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally that utilizing the anomalous frequency response of a dispersive material, envelope distortion of a signal passing through a given transmission system can be fully compensated. Compared with previous researches on dispersion compensation using grating compressors or chirp compressors in optics and non-Foster circuits in microwave bands, the proposed approach is robust and scalable to other frequency bands.
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The correlations of the fluctuations of the electric field are studied for a simple model of the buildup from spontaneous-emission noise of the output of a single mode of a laser cavity. Results for when the laser cavity is detuned with respect to the center frequency of the gain medium are compared with the case in which the cavity is resonantly tuned. Resonantly tuned lasers display transient phase and amplitude correlations with a peak at the time that the evolving amplitude departs from the neighborhood of the origin in the complex plane of the amplitude where phase diffusion dominates. Deterministic frequency chirps during the switch-on of a detuned laser delay and significantly strengthen the transient correlation of phase and intensity fluctuations when the detuning is sufficiently large compared with the strength of the noise. In this case the peak in the correlations is related to the anomalous intensity fluctuations characteristic of transient switching.
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We experimentally show the dynamic frequency chirp properties induced by signal amplification in a quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifier (QD-SOA) for the first time. We also compare the red and blue chirp peak values and temporal chirp changes while changing the gain and injected signal powers of the QD-SOA with those of a common SOA.
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Chirp spread spectrum
Amplified spontaneous emission
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