Foil excited K X-ray transitions in few-electron sulphur ions
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Abstract:
The spectrum of K alpha , K alpha h and K beta X-rays from H-, He-, Li- and Be-like sulphur, excited during the passage of 65 MeV sulphur ions through thin carbon foils, has been measured. The observed structure agrees quite well with the structure predicted by theoretical transition energy and intensity calculations. A low-energy component of the He-like K alpha line has been ascribed to the presence of a 3s spectator electron. The present results are compared with those obtained in laser-plasma experiments and those from previous beam-foil measurements.Keywords:
Carbon fibers
To obtain the foil bearing characteristics, the fluid film pressure must be coupled with the elastic deformation of the foil structure. However, all of the structural models thus far have simplified the foil structure without consideration of its three-dimensional shape. In this study, a finite element foil structural model is proposed that takes into consideration the three-dimensional foil shape. Using the proposed model, the deflections of interconnected bumps are compared to those of separated bumps, and the minimum film thickness determined from the proposed structural models is compared to those of previous models. In addition, the effects of the top foil and bump foil thickness on the foil bearing static performance are evaluated. The results of the study show that the three-dimensional shape of the foil structure should be considered for accurate predictions of foil bearing performances and that too thin top foil or bump foil thickness may lead to a significant decrease in the load capacity. In addition, the foil stiffness variation does not increase the load capacity much under a simple foil structure.
Foil bearing
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Gold–thiolate clusters of [Au25(SR)18]− are known to show multiple photoluminescence below and above 2.0 eV. Although recent theoretical studies have clarified the lowest energy emission from the S1 state originating from the Au13 core, the relaxation mechanism responsible for the higher-energy emissions remains unclear. Here, we present a theoretical study on the higher low-lying excited states of [Au25(SR)18]− (R = Me, EtPh: methyl, phenylethyl) using time-dependent density functional theory computations to gain further insights. In particular, we focused on the S7 state because there is a large energy gap between S6 and S7 at the ground state geometry. Two minimum structures that are found for the S7 state of [Au25(SMe)18]− show different natures, namely, the Au sp-intraband and d-sp interband transitions. The intraband excited state has an energy close to the lower excited state, whereas the interband excited state has a substantial energy gap. Considering the underestimation of the excitation energy, the calculated emission energy originating from the S7 interband excited state is reasonably assigned to the highest-energy emission.
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Abstract Electronically excited states of organic molecules are formed in many chemical reactions. Such chemically produced excited states are (with one exception) identical to light produced excited states, and they undergo the molecular transformations expected of such states (“photochemistry without light”). The excited states can also be used in energy transfer experiments. This review covers the generation of chemically produced excited states, the chemical reactions they undergo, and the possible role of chemically produced excited states in biology.
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A new method which suppresses target preheating by hot electrons is proposed. The suppression was verified by means of particle measurements on the rear side of a foil irradiated by a CO2 laser with a thick plate placed in front of the irradiated foil to absorb the energetic electrons which preferentially expand from the critical surface. The results can be explained by the generation of the electrostatic field between the foil and the plate.
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Foil bearings comprise a foil structure made of a corrugated bump foil layer covered by a top foil surface. To obtain the foil bearing characteristics, the fluid film pressure needs to be coupled with the elastic deformation of the foil structure. A number of successful analytical models to predict its deformation have been developed by many investigators, and some models show very good agreement with experimental data. However, all the structural models so far treat a bump foil layer as a simple elastic foundation without consideration of its three dimensional shape. In this study, a finite element foil structural model is proposed. In this model, the bending and membrane stiffness effects of the top foil and bump foil are included and the three-dimensional shape of the foil structure is considered. Using developed model, the deflections of inter-connected bumps are compared with those of separated bumps to investigate stiffness effects of segment between bumps. The minimum film thickness determined from the proposed structural models compared to those of previous models. In addition, the effects of top foil and bump foil thickness on the foil bearing static performances are evaluated.
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Carbon fibers
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Carbon arc welding
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