Use of the neotropical fish Cnesterodon decemmaculatus for long-term control of Culex pipiens L. in Argentina
María Cecilia TranchidaSebastián A. PelizzaVilma BisaroCarolina Aranda BeltránJuan J. GarcíaMaría Victoria Micieli
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Culex pipiens
The eggs, larvae, and pupae (male and female) of three Japanese species of the Bibionidae, Plecia adiastola, P. membranifera, and P. hadrosoma, are described and illustrated, and ecological notes are included. Morphological characters of the immature stages of Plecia species are compared for the first time, and a diagnosis is presented. The taxonomic and phylogenetic importance of morphological characters, especially of the larval head and the arrangement of the larval and pupal body processes, is discussed.
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Abstract Queens and workers are very distinct phenotypes that develop from the same genome. Larvae from worker cells up to 3.5 d old can be transferred to larger queen cells and will subsequently be reared as queens and develop into functional queens. This has become a very popular queen rearing practice in contemporary apiculture. Here we used RNA-Seq to study the consequences of rearing queens from transplanted worker larvae on the transcriptome of the adult queens. We found that queens reared from transferred older larvae developed slower, weighted less, and had fewer ovarioles than queens reared from transferred eggs, indicating queens were cryptically intercaste. RNA-Seq analysis revealed differentially expressed genes between queens reared from transferred larvae compared with queens reared from transferred eggs: the older the larvae transferred, the greater the number of differentially expressed genes. Many of the differentially expressed genes had functions related to reproduction, longevity, immunity, or metabolism, suggesting that the health and long-term viability of queens was compromised. Our finds verify the previous studies that adult queens reared from older transferred larvae were of lower quality than queens reared from transferred eggs or younger larvae.
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Controlled tests showed that feeding by larvae of several species of Protocalliphora lowered haematocrit and haemoglobin levels of nestling magpies and bank swallows. Subsequent studies showed that natural populations of nestling magpies and Bank Swallows infested by P. asiovora and P. chrysorrhoea, respectively, experienced significantly reduced blood levels at the P 0.05 and P 0.01 levels except in the youngest nestlings. Despite the presumed heavy blood loss, most nestlings are not killed by larvae of Protocalliphora. Studies of natural populations of Protocalliphora in 48 species of birds indicate that the larval populations are usually too small to kill or seriously injure most nestlings.
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The last immature instar and the mature larva of Bocchus scobiolae are described and illustrated for the first time. The affinities of both immature and mature larvae of Bocchus scobiolae and Mystrophorus formicaeformis are discussed to define larval characters of the subfamily Bocchinae.
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The mature larva of Lampyris noctiluca (Linnaeus, 1758) is redescribed and illustrated in detail, including scanning electron microscope images. Male and female pupae are briefly described, including notes on behaviour as well as light production of the immature stages. Observed structures, life cycle and behaviour of larvae and pupae are discussed.
Lampyridae
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The mature larva of the firefly Lamprohiza splendidula (Linnaeus, 1767) is thoroughly redescribed and illustrated with detailed images, including scanning electron microscope figures. External sense organs, structure of tergal plates and their significance are discussed, as well as photic manifestation of the larvae and pupae and prey hunting in larvae. Male and female pupae are briefly described, with notes on their developmental changes and behaviour, and the life cycle outlined.
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Nine zoeal and one decapodid stages of the hippolytid shrimp Latreutes anoplonyx are described from laboratory-reared material. The shape and armature of the abdomen distinguish the larvae of L. anoplonyx from those of L. laminirostris, the other known species of Latreutes from East Asia. The larvae of L. anoplonyx show features not found in other Latreutinae, and Latreutes larvae show features not found in other Hippolytidae. Larval characters question the separation of the genera Latreutes and Tozeuma and the way in which the family Hippolytidae is divided into subfamilies.
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The eggs of Limnophora exsurda are described. The larva is in the 3rd stage when it emerges from the egg. The absence of larval trimorphism has been described in a number of dipterous larvae and appears to be correlated with a carnivorous mode of life in the larval stage. Notes on the nomenclature of L. exsurda by Mr J. E. Collin are given.
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A late instar of the Tetragonoderus (Crossonychus) variegatus Dejean, 1829 larva is described for the first time, and is compared with its first instar, with the larva of another Tetragonoderus species, and with the larva of one Cyclicus species. Habitus and important structures of the larva are illustrated, as well the adult’s membranous wings. Some aspects of the natural history of the larva and adult are also noted.
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The mutant la (curved larval antennae) is described from C. pipiens; it is recessive, autosomal, and lethal when homozygous. The mutant allele shows 20% crossing-over with ru (ruby-eye) and 0.3% with y (yellow-larva), both of which are in linkage group II. Two mating systems for producing recognizable carriers of the lethal are discussed. Craig (1963) reviewed several possibilities for autocidal control of mosquito populations including the use of self-propagating deleterious genes. Very few such heredity factors have, however, been described. In an attempt to find such factors a systematic program of collection and inbreeding of strains of C. pipiens was begun. This report is the first in a series on heritable deleterious factors which might be useful for the control of this species. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mutant curved larval antenna (la) was found upon inbreeding a strain of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say which had been colonized in 1959 with material from Orange County, California. The mutant allele is manifested in thirdand fourth-instar larvae by producing antennae which are shortened, deformed, and curved outwardly (Fig. 1, left). In these two instars the affected antenna is characteristic and may be readily distinguished from other types of antennal abnormalities examined in this laboratory. The antennae of firstand second-instar larvae are usually visibly, but not characteristically, affected, the abnormality in these larvae being readily confused with other antennal abnormalities. The mutant is not obviously detectable in the egg stage. Larvae with curved antenna develop normally or a bit more slowly than normal until pupation. At that time the larval exuvium is frequently incompletely shed and the pupa dies with the exuvium still attached to its cephalic portion. If the larval exuvium is shed completely the pupal antennae are abnormal (Fig. 2) and the pupa still dies. Why affected pupae die is not clear. It was thought that the antennal abnormality might upset the balance of the pupa and cause it to drown. Affected pupae kept on moist filter paper during the pupal stadium also died, however. Occasional pupae survive till the time of pupal ecdysis but in no case has an adult emerged successfully. Most affected individuals die early in the pupal stage. Larvae were reared by standard methods modiReceived for publication 31 May 1966. fied in minor ways. Progenies were analyzed for eye color, body color, and antennal type on the 1st day of pupation of the progeny. Parents for the next generation were selected as pupae. Larvae and pupae were kept at room temperature which was not closely controlled.
Culex pipiens
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