Adrenomedullin 2 protects rat cerebral endothelial cells from oxidative damage in vitro
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Adrenomedullin
The terms ‘antioxidant’, ‘oxidative stress’ and ‘oxidative damage’ are widely used but rarely defined. This brief review attempts to define them and to examine the ways in which oxidative stress and oxidative damage can affect cell behaviour both in vivo and in cell culture, using cancer as an example.
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PROPERTIES OF ADRENOMEDULLIN: We have identified a novel hypotensive peptide, adrenomedullin, in human pheochromocytoma extract. It has potent and long-lasting vasodilatory effects in several vascular systems. In addition to adrenomedullin, another hypotensive peptide, proadrenomedullin-derived peptide (PAMP), was also found to be processed from the adrenomedullin precursor. PAMP inhibits neural transmission at peripheral sympathetic nerve endings, although adrenomedullin directly dilates vascular smooth muscle. POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT IN PATHOGENESIS: Although initially isolated from human pheochromocytoma tissue, adrenomedullin messenger RNA is highly expressed in several peripheral organs, including cardiovascular tissues. Adrenomedullin and PAMP are both synthesized and secreted from vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, and they participate in circulation control through different mechanisms. Taken together with the presence of adrenomedullin-specific receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells and the significant increase in plasma immunoreactive adrenomedullin levels in patients with hypertension, renal failure and congestive heart failure, adrenomedullin may be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
Adrenomedullin
Pathogenesis
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The disturbed balance between production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and efficiency of antioxydative systems leads to oxidative stress. This may be the cause of permanent biomolecules' damage. The results of many researches show dependence between disturbance in oxidative balance. And oxidative damage in prostate cells. However no clear evidence have been found that oxidative stress may lead to development of prostate cancer.
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Objective To investigate the mechanism of carnosine on anti-oxidating and anti-aging .Methods In this test, the oxidative carbonyl protein in brain tissue was prepared by H 2O 2. The brain tissues were homogenized and then were divided into three groups:control group, damage group by H2O2 and protection group in which carnosine was added before. Content of oxidative carbonyl protein and the level of oxidative phosphorylation were determined by the means of DNPH and phosphate consumption respectively. Results The content of oxidative carbonyl protein was lower in protection group than that in damage group (P0.05), and the level of oxidative phosphorylation was also higher in protection group than that in damage group (P0.01).Conclusions The study indicated that carnosine inhibited the generation of oxidative carbonyl protein and protected brain tissue from damage caused by H 2O 2.
Carnosine
Protein Carbonylation
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Adrenomedullin
Pathogenesis
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It is well accepted that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in many biological processes including disease and longevity. Oxidation of proteins has been linked to many disease states and even the aging process itself. This was first proposed as “The free radical theory of aging” in 1956 by Denham Harman which suggests that free radicals causes cumulative and irreversible damage to macromolecules, loss of cellular function and cell death over time directly impacting health and lifespan. Cellular damage from ROS exposure has been termed oxidative stress, which is an imbalance between cellular ROS production and the ability of the cell to regulate ROS levels and repair damage caused by ROS. This review focuses on the role of oxidative stress in the eye lens as a model for understanding the role of oxidative stress systems in age-related human disease.
Cell damage
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Liver damage
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In order to elucidate the role of adrenomedullin in hypertension, we have compared concentrations of immunoreactive rat adrenomedullin and adrenomedullin messenger RNA levels in tissues of 8-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with those of age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). The adrenomedullin immunoreactivity concentrations in adrenal gland and cardiac atrium were significantly higher in SHR than in WKY. The adrenomedullin content of cardiac ventricle was also significantly higher in SHR than in WKY. The rat adrenomedullin messenger RNA levels in adrenal gland and heart of SHR were also higher than those of WKY. These results suggest that adrenomedullin participates in the mechanism to counteract the blood pressure elevation in SHR.
Adrenomedullin
Spontaneously hypertensive rat
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The meaning, the appropriate usage and the misusage of the terms oxidative stress, oxidative eustress, and oxidative distress have been evaluated. It has been realized that the terms oxidative stress and oxidative damage are often used inappropriately as synonyms. The usage of the term eustress (intended as good stress) is unsuitable to indicate signaling by reactive molecular an event that can be finalistically considered either good or bad, depending on the circumstances. The so defined oxidative distress is an oxidative damage but not an oxidative stress. What is measured and defined as oxidative stress is in fact an oxidative damage. Damaging oxidations and signaling oxidant events (good or bad) can be present, also simultaneously, in different and multiple location of a cell, tissue or body and the measure of an oxidant event in body fluids or tissue specimen can only be the sum of non-separatable events, sometimes of opposite sign. There is no officially approved therapy to prevent or cure oxidative stress or oxidative damage.
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