Organic nitrogen in Hawaiian rain and aerosol
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Abstract:
Water‐soluble organic nitrogen (ON) is an important component of fixed nitrogen in clean marine aerosol and rainwater collected at a site on the windward coast of Oahu, Hawaii. Aerosol material associated with the predominant trade winds carries 3.3±2.0 nmol ON m −3 , which makes up roughly one third of the total nitrogen in aerosol (11±4 nmol N m −3 ). The inorganic nitrogen (65% as nitrate) is predominantly found in coarse‐mode aerosol, consistent with displacement reactions of sea‐salt chloride. In contrast, most of the ON is found in fine particle (submicrometer) aerosol, and may be associated with gas‐to‐particle conversions and with long‐range transport in the atmosphere. At times, aerosol ON also appears to have a local, anthropogenic source, and when meteorological conditions are favorable, large pulses of ON from these local sources can dominate the total fixed nitrogen in the sampled aerosol (30–50 nmol ON m −3 , contributing about 80% of the total aerosol nitrogen). About one fifth of rainwater dissolved nitrogen at this site is organic nitrogen. The average rainwater concentration of dissolved ON was 2.8 μmol N L −1 , and of inorganic nitrogen (nitrate plus ammonium) was 15 μmol N L −1 . In both rainwater and aerosol, urea was a major component of the ON, contributing about half of the ON and about 15% of total nitrogen. This quantitative importance of urea as a component of ON has not previously been seen in continental locations.Keywords:
Rainwater Harvesting
Reactive nitrogen
The main source of water, is rain for all life on earth. Rainwater harvesting is the best way to collect rainwater and utilize it effectively. Rainwater harvesting is used as a best method to collect and store water for future needs in water scarcity areas where water is not available throughout the year. This practice is becoming popular over the last few years as many people can no longer rely on the availability of ground water to satisfy their needs. North Eastern States in India experiences heavy rainfall in the country compared to other parts. Hence implementation of Rainwater Harvesting scheme in those regions will be a better choice to store water. A Case study on rainwater harvesting in sloped roof houses available in northeast India is done in this paper. Water scarcity problems can be minimised if rain water harvesting techniques are implemented in all households.
Rainwater Harvesting
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Rainwater harvesting is the art and science of capturing rain for human use. This study analysed rainfall data for the Regional Hospital's catchment area to ascertain potential harvestable rainfall. Assessment of the buildings and their respective roof areas were also done to determine the possible roof catchment areas. The potential rainwater that could be harvested from the different blocks within the hospital range between 3,306.18 -9,943.45m3. The potential total average rainwater that could be harvested from the different blocks within the hospital catchment area of 51,939.11m2 is 53,524.29 m3 per annum. According to data collected from the GWCL, the monthly and yearly demand of water by the hospital are 3,146 m3 and 337,752m3 respectively, which is lower than the total potential rainwater that could be harvested per annum of 53, 524.29m3 . This implies that there would be an excess water of 15,772.29m3 . Theoretically, it means that harvested and stored rainwater could meet the water needs of the hospital.
Keywords: Rainwater harvesting (RWH); Water storage; Organizational water usage
Rainwater Harvesting
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Nitrogen Assimilation
Glutamate synthase
Nitrogen Cycle
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The characteristics of nitrate uptake kinetic in the solution of five ratios of ammonium and nitrate by modified depleting way treated with 0.2 mmol/L CaSO4 solution for three days were studied to discover the ammonium and nitrate nutrition properties of banana seedlings.The result showed that the nitrate uptake kinetic characteristics of all treatments with five ratios of ammonium and nitrate followed the enzyme kinetic model of Michaelis-Menten.Increasing ammonium ratio remarkably influenced Vmax and Km;Vmax would be reduced more to the Hoagland solution adding 10% ammonium than that in placement of 10% ammonium with 10% nitrate,although Km had no distinct difference between these two treatments.The nitrate uptake rate would be reduced in soil of 100% nitrate treated with increasing ammonium ratios.The nitrate affinity.would be decreased treated with 10% more ammonium,while that for the 25% ammonium treatment was in the opposite direction.The nitrate uptake for banana seedlings belonged to low affinity system.
Ammonium nitrate
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In underserved rural areas, domestic rainwater harvesting has been gaining importance as an alternative water source. In rural South Africa, however, less than 1% of households use conventional rainwater harvesting systems. Instead, a household survey in KwaZulu-Natal reveals that many households harvest rainwater in a makeshift manner, using homemade gutters and drums. Statistical analysis shows that high income, a brick house with straight gutters and good water services facilitate conventional rainwater harvesting, while a household with only round huts is easily trapped into makeshift rainwater harvesting. For upscaling rainwater harvesting in rural areas, housing types need to be considered.
Rainwater Harvesting
Cistern
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The main source of water, is rain for all life on earth. Rainwater harvesting is the best way to collect rainwater and utilize it effectively. Rainwater harvesting is used as a best method to collect and store water for future needs in water scarcity areas where water is not available throughout the year. This practice is becoming popular over the last few years as many people can no longer rely on the availability of ground water to satisfy their needs. North Eastern States in India experiences heavy rainfall in the country compared to other parts. Hence implementation of Rainwater Harvesting scheme in those regions will be a better choice to store water. A Case study on rainwater harvesting in sloped roof houses available in northeast India is done in this paper. Water scarcity problems can be minimised if rain water harvesting techniques are implemented in all households.
Rainwater Harvesting
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Rainwater harvesting is the process of collecting, storing, and reusing rainwater. Different kinds of rainwater harvesting techniques have been used in developed and developing countries. Singapore, for instances, which has limited land sources and high demand of water, use rainwater harvesting technique on the high-rise buildings' roofs to get an alternative source of water. Also, in Japan, rainwater harvesting technique has been applied to residential areas and able to provide clean water for t oilet flushing, firefighter, and water supply in an emergency case. Nonetheless, rainwater management in Jakarta, compared to the countries mentioned above, is obviously left behind. With the high rainfall intensity, buildings in Jakarta are quietly possible to apply the rainwater harvesting technique. This paper is trying to analyse the potential of rainwater harvesting application in Jakarta. Starting from house buildings, the paper uses numerical calculation to study the environmental benefits of the rainwater harvesting implementation. The case study was taken in Gading Griya Residence, North Jakarta. The calculation results show that rainwater harvesting scheme can provide enough water supply for washing, flushing, fire extinguishing, and drinking water.
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Dhanbad is one of the water scarce cities in India. Depending on precipitation intensity, rainwater constitutes a potential source of drinking water. Rainwater harvesting is the technology where surface runoff is effectively collected and stored. Harvested rainwater can then be used for drinking or for ground water recharge. Unless a proper water storage method is adopted, the rainwater harvesting may not be effective. This paper deals with a case study of rain water harvesting method adopted in Dhanbad city of Jharkhand state.
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Rainwater Harvesting
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Water is an inorganic component, which covers about 3/4th of the earth's surface, but only 3 percent of it is available to man for use. The remaining 97 percent of water found in oceans is full of soluble salts, being unfit for human use and consumption. Rainwater is free source of nearly pure water. The concept of rainwater harvesting lies in tapping the rainwater it falls. The present study was conducted in houses of Udaipur city. In order to find out the water management practices adopted by the families, a sample of 100 households was selected. Out of the total samples, 30 houses were selected purposively for commissioning the rainwater harvesting system and the rooftop rainwater harvesting potential was also calculated among these 30 households. Field experiment was conducted for quantitative analysis of harvested rooftop rainwater in houses which reveals that rooftop rainwater harvesting system is very effective measure in increasing the quantity of water in borewells as compared to those borewells without having the rainwater harvesting system attached to them. The availability of water per day was found to be higher i.e. 269 litres in those houses where the rainwater harvesting potential was also higher i.e. 98.32 m3, as the catchment area of these houses was found to be more (186 sq m.) as compared to other houses.
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