Performance of Cows in Early Lactation Fed Isonitrogenous Diets Containing Soybean Meal or Animal By-Product Meals
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Feather meal
Blood meal
The direct relationship exists between the quality of an animal protein source and its available amino acids. A number of samples of each of the fish meal, feather meal, meat meal and blood meal were analyzed for their proximate composition. Then two samples of each ingredient one having the highest (grade A) other with lowest crude protein (grade B) were selected. They were analyzed for their available amino acids. The average availability of fifteen amino acids in high grade fish meal, feather meal, meat meal and blood meal were 85.68, 80.36, 85.53 and 77.62 percent, respectively. Whereas average availability of fifteen amino acids in low grade fish meal, feather meal, meat meal and blood meal were 78.12, 76.60, 67.10 and 69.46 percent, respectively. All protein sources were force fed to the birds and excreta samples were collected during the trial. Feed and excreta samples were analyzed for amino acid. The available amino acid contents of a feed protein were assayed by measuring the live weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, nitrogen retention of the chicks given the intact protein as a supplement to a diet deficient in a particular amino acid under investigation. It was clear after the determination of availability of each amino acid that more amino acids are available in high grade animal protein sources as compared to low grade animal protein source. Thus it was concluded that quality of feed ingredients impose direct effect on their available amino acids profile.
Feather meal
Blood meal
Protein quality
Essential amino acid
Ingredient
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The fish meal is major protein source in the fish feed due to several reasons such as easily digestible, high protein content, balance in essential amino acid (EAA), lake of anti-nutritional factor (ANF) and unknown growth factor. But know the availability of fish meal stagnant or reduce due to day by day decreasing the catch from the sea. So the demand of fish meal can full fill by some alternative animal and plant fish feed ingredients without significant decrease the growth of fish. The animal based ingredients such as meat and bone meal, poultry by-products, feather meal and mussel meal etc. and plant based ingredient like soybean meal, groundnut oil cake, canola meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, byproducts from distillery, byproducts from breweries, byproducts/wastes from sugar industry etc. The plant ingredients have some ANFs, Deficient in certain EAAs, low nutrient digestibility, lesser nutrient bio-availability and palatability because of excessive degrees of non-soluble carbohydrates consisting of fibre and starch. The ANFs can be remove by soaking, cooking and chemical treatment, fibre content can be reduce by use of exogenous enzyme and deficiency of particular amino acid can be fulfill by using additives. Consistent with available evidences from different research findings, it is found that plant proteins can replace fish meal either in part or completely when certain dietary essential nutrients are provided that are discussed in the review.
Cottonseed meal
Ingredient
Feather meal
Palatability
Bone meal
Corn gluten meal
Animal Feed
Plant protein
Commercial fish feed
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In situ digestion and growth studies were conducted to determine the effects of adding blood to feather meal. In the in situ and digestion studies, soybean meal (SBM), blood meal (BM), feather meal (Fth) and two combinations of 55% raw blood and 45% feathers (RB + F) were used. Feathers and blood were combined either before or after steam hydrolysis of feathers. Ruminal escape protein of Fth was greater than that of SBM but less than that of BM (P < .10) determined in situ after 12 h of incubation. Ruminal in situ protein digestion was lower (P < .10) than for the other treatments (P < .10) when blood was hydrolyzed with feathers. Total tract digestibility was similar (P > .10) for SBM, BM and the mixture of RB + F when the blood was not hydrolyzed. In the growth study, calves were supplemented with urea, SBM, BM, Fth or a combination of BM and Fth (BM + Fth; each supplied an equal portion of supplemental protein). The slope ratio technique was used to evaluate the protein sources. The most efficiently used protein sources were BM and BM + Fth compared to SBM and Fth (P < .05). There was a numerical but not significant (P > .1) complementary effect of adding BM to Fth. Soybean meal and Fth had similar protein efficiencies (P > .20). Estimated amino acid flow to the small intestine based on in situ amino acid degradation suggested that the complementary effect observed for BM + Fth was due to BM supplying lysine and Fth providing sulfur amino acids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Blood meal
Digestion
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The development of diets that economically and ecologically meet the requirements of bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) is important for frog farming. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients for essential amino acids of eight animal feed ingredients (poultry byproduct meal, meat and bone meal, salmon byproduct meal, tilapia byproduct meal, spray-dried blood meal, powered red blood cells, feather meal and sardine meal) used in the diets of bullfrogs. Additionally, the limiting digestible amino acids were determined for each ingredient. Bullfrogs in different phases of post-metamorphic development were used: 810 animals in the early phase (mean weight: 40 ± 10 g), 405 animals in the growing phase (95 ± 15 g) and 243 animals in the finishing phase (175 ± 25 g). Poultry byproduct meal, salmon byproduct meal and blood meal exhibited the largest number of high apparent digestibility coefficients for essential amino acids (>70%) in the early, growing and finishing phases, respectively. The animal protein ingredients were well digested by the bullfrogs and could be used in practical diets for this species, respecting the limits of inclusion and digestibility values for each developmental phase.
Feather meal
Blood meal
Ingredient
Lithobates
Limiting
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An industry survey and animal experiment were conducted to evaluate the amino acid (AA) compositional variability and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in animal protein by-products fed to growing pigs. Animal protein by-product meals (212) were categorized into 8 groupings (blood meal, chicken by-product meal, chicken meal, feather meal, meat and bone meal, meat meal, poultry by-product meal, and poultry meal) and analyzed for total AA. Amino acid analysis among (e.g., Lys in blood meal averaged 9.20% compared with 2.31% for feather meal, DM basis) and within (e.g., Lys range of 1.54% in blood meal and 1.44% in feather meal, DM basis) the by-product classifications varied as expected, but on average the total AA values were similar to that reported in the literature. For the determination of the SID of AA, 15 barrows (average initial and final BW of 31.6 and 78.7 kg, respectively) were fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to 15 diets over nine 7-d periods, resulting in 9 replications per diet. Pigs were fed a basal diet based on soybean meal and dehulled-degermed corn, 13 diets containing 17.5% animal protein by-product meal to partially replace a portion of the soybean meal and dehulled-degermed corn in the basal diet, or a N-free diet. Pigs were re-allotted to diets based on minimizing the number to times that the N-free diet would precede or follow feeding either of the blood or feather meal diets because of concern with inadequate diet consumption, as well as to prevent diets from being re-fed to the same pig during the next or subsequent periods. Values for the apparent ileal AA digestibility of each diet were determined, adjusted to SID based upon the endogenous AA losses determined by feeding the N-free diet, and the SID of AA in each animal protein by-product meal calculated using the difference procedure. The SID of AA varied among (e.g., SID of Lys averaged 91% in chicken meal but 47% in feather meal) and within (e.g., SID of Lys in three meat and bone meals was 80%, 71%, and 54%) the animal protein by-product meals, as would be expected and are consistent with variation reported in the literature. Overall, the data provide total AA composition for 212 samples and SID of AA for 13 samples of animal protein by-product meals, including data on their variability, which is critical for their use in feed formulation programs.
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Blood meal
Animal Feed
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The research was conducted to know the effect and to determine the best utilization of the chiken feather silage meal as a substitute for fish meal protein source in the feed formula of Colossoma macropomum. This study used experimental method based on Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications. Five diets (33% isoprotein and 3.85 kcal/g diet isoenergi) were formulated with substitution of the chiken feather silage meal to fishmeal protein. These substituted 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % (A, B, C, D and E respectively) of the fishmeal protein. Parameters observed and analyzed were: survival rate, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, protein retention and protein digestibility. The results showed that the treatment had no effect on survival rate, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and protein retention but the effect on protein digestibility. Based on these results, it can be concluded that fishmeal protein can be substituted with the chiken feather silage meal up to 100% in the feed formula of Colossoma macropomum .
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Feather meal
Blood meal
Bone meal
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Apparent digestibility coefficients(ADCs) of crude protein,energy and amino acids in fish meal,blood meal,hydrolyzed feather meal,meat meal,shrimp meal,meat-bone meal,corn gluten meal,cottonseed meal,peanut meal and fine rice bran were determined for Eriocheir sinensis(63.72±1.67 g),using a reference diet with 0.5% Y2O3 indicator and test diets that contained 70% reference diet and 30% feed ingredient.The results showed that the ADC of animal protein was higher than the plant protein except hydrolyzed feather meal and meat-bone meal.In the animal protein sources,the ADC of crude protein of blood meal and shrimp meal were higher than fish meal(P0.05),and the ADC of energy of blood meal,meat meal and shrimp meal were higher than that of fish meal(P0.05),the highest crude protein digestibility coefficient observed in blood meal(94.19%),followed by shrimp meal(90.53%) and meat meal(86.24%).The highest energy digestibility coefficient was recorded for blood meal(86.05%),followed by meat meal(85.33%) and shrimp meal(82.45%).The lowest crude protein and energy digestibility coefficient both showed in meat-bone meal.In these plant protein sources,the crude protein digestibility coefficient of cottonseed meal(85.99%) was the highest,followed by peanut meal(82.01%).The lowest was corn gluten meal(71.35%),the energy digestibility coefficient was recorded for peanut meal(71.52%),followed by corn gluten meal(68.10%) and cottonseed meal(51.35%),and fine rice bran(40.99%) was the lowest.The ADC of amino acids had a similar tendency with the ADC of crude protein except meat meal and fine rice bran.Except hydrolyzed feather meal(73.63%) and meat-bone meal(79.13%),the ADC of all ingredients was between 80.71% and 89.94% and rate exceeding 89.94% was recorded in blood meal.Animal protein sources of blood meal,meat meal and shrimp meal,and plant protein sources of cottonseed meal,peanut meal and fine rice bran can be used as the protein source for the feed of Chinese mitten crab.However,the ADC of meat-bone meal,hydrolyzed feather meal,and corn gluten meal was low,therefore they were not suitable for Chinese mitten crab as dietary protein sources.
Cottonseed meal
Feather meal
Corn gluten meal
Blood meal
Bone meal
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Abstract The apparent digestibility coefficients ( ADCs ) of crude protein, lipid, phosphorous, and amino acids, as well as energy, of 13 animal feedstuffs were determined for cobia, Rachycentron canadum (initial weight 130.0 g). The feedstuffs tested included five types of fishmeal, two of blood meal, one of poultry meat meal, two of meat‐and‐bone meal, two of feather meal, and one type of shrimp meal. A reference diet was formulated and the test diets contained 70% of the reference diet and 30% of each feedstuff. The ADCs of crude protein, lipid, energy, phosphorous, and amino acids of the test ingredients ranged from 68.97 to 92.5%, 69.3 to 95.7%, 77.5 to 98.3%, 58.2 to 80.1%, and 72.5 to 97.0%, respectively. The ADCs of crude protein of white fishmeal, steam‐dried brown fishmeal, imported flame‐dried fishmeal, spray‐dried blood cells, poultry byproduct meal, meat‐bone meal, and meat meal were significantly higher than those of dried blood meal, fermented feather meal, and hydrolyzed feather meal ( P < 0.05). The ADCs of lipid of dried blood meal and hydrolyzed feather meal were significantly lower than those of other feedstuffs ( P < 0.05). The ADCs of energy of fermented feather meal and hydrolyzed feather meal were significantly lower than those of other feedstuffs ( P < 0.05) and the ADCs of phosphorus of white fishmeal, steam‐dried brown fishmeal, and imported flame‐dried fishmeal were significantly higher than those of the other ingredients ( P < 0.05).
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Feather meal
Corn gluten meal
Plant protein
Blood meal
Bone meal
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