Centaurea Revisited: A Molecular Survey of the Jacea Group
Núria Garcia‐JacasTuna UysalKostyantyn RomashchenkoVíctor N. Suárez‐SantiagoKuddisi ErtuğrulAlfonso Susanna
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Abstract:
The genus Centaurea has traditionally been considered to be a complicated taxon. No attempt at phylogenetic reconstruction has been made since recent revisions in circumscription, and previous reconstructions did not include a good representation of species. A new molecular survey is thus needed.Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1 and 2 and the 5.8S gene. Parsimony and Bayesian approaches were used.A close correlation between geography and the phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences was found in all the analyses, with three main groups being resolved: (1) comprising the most widely distributed circum-Mediterranean/Eurosiberian sections; (2) the western Mediterranean sections; and (3) the eastern Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian sections. The results show that the sectional classification in current use needs major revision, with many old sections being merged into larger ones. A large polytomy in the eastern Mediterranean clade suggests a rapid and recent speciation in this group. Some inconsistencies between morphology and molecular phylogeny may indicate that hybridization has played a major role in the evolution of the genus.Phylogenetic analysis of ITS has been useful in identifying the major lineages in the group, and unraveling many inconsistencies in the sectional classification. However, most recent groups in the eastern Mediterranean clade are not resolved and reticulation in the western Mediterranean group of sections makes phylogenetic relationships within these two groups somewhat obscure.Keywords:
Centaurea
In this paper, four endemic Centaurea species were investigated in terms of their chromosome numbers and karyomorphology. The chromosomal counts confirmed the results of previous reports, that the genus Centaurea has different basic chromosome numbers. Centaurea yaltirikii and Centaurea demirizii are diploid taxa. Centaurea yaltirikii has 2n = 18 chromosomes, and therefore has a basic chromosome number of nine, which is common in the genus Centaurea. A local endemic species, Centaurea demirizii has 2n = 16 chromosomes and a different basic chromosome number of x = 8, and this basic number is relatively rare for Centaurea. Centaurea leptophylla and Centaurea saligna are tetraploid with 2n = 36 chromosomes. We found predominance of chromosomes being metacentric and submetacentric. The results increase our karyological knowledge of these species. Moreover, this paper gives short taxonomic and morphologic notes to complement the information provided by Flora of Turkey with regards to the studied species.
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The volatile constituents of the aerial parts of Centaurea amanicola Hub.-Mor., Centaurea consanguinea DC. and Centaurea ptosimopappa Hayek were extracted by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC and GC-MS. Altogether 94 components were identified. Sesquiterpenoids, fatty acids and carbonylic compounds were the most abundant components in the oils. Hexadecanoic acid and (Z,Z )-9,12-octadecadienoic acid were the main fatty acids in all the examined samples, that showed different patterns of composition. The study on the biological activity of the oils showed an action mainly against the Gram-positive pathogens.
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Centaurea L. (Asteraceae) is one of the largest genera in Turkey. The chromosome number and morphology of 8 taxa belonging to the genus Centaurea were investigated using an image analysis system. Among these taxa, the chromosome numbers were as follows: 2n = 18 in C. cariensis Boiss. subsp. niveotomentosa (Hub.-Mor.) Wagenitz, C. lycaonica Boiss. & Heldr., C. virgata Lam., and C. polyclada DC.; 2n = 24 in C. cyanus L.; 2n = 36 in C. virgata and C. cariensis Boiss. subsp. cariensis: 2n = 40 in C. urvillei DC. subsp. urvillei; 2n = 54 in C. tuzgoluensis Aytaç & H.Duman. In 5 taxa mixoploidy was observed (C. lycaonica, C. urvillei subsp. urvillei, C. cariensis subsp. cariensis, C. virgata, and C. tuzgoluensis). Based on karyotypic data for this genus, 3 basic chromosome numbers in Centaurea taxa were observed (x = 9, 10, and 12). Furthermore, ideograms are given for all the Centaurea taxa studied.
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A new Centaurea species, C. mengenensis Uysal & Şirin, is described and illustrated from Mengen district, Anatolia, based on morphological and molecular data. To identify its taxonomical position within Centaurea , the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) = gene region of the new species was amplified and sequenced. The new species belongs in Centaurea subg. Centaurea as shown by both morphological and molecular data. Its diagnostic characters are presented, including an updated key to related species distributed in Turkey. Additionally, the geographic distribution of the new species, as well as of its relatives, is mapped. The chromosome number of C. mengenensis is 2n = 2x = 18 and its achene surface ornamentation is irregularly sulcate.
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A taxonomic review of Centaurea L. sect. Centaurea (Asteraceae) in Iran was carried out. Seven taxa are recognized and 1 of them is described as a new species: Centaurea joharchii Ranjbar & Negaresh. This new species has been described and illustrated from Khorasan Province, SE Iran. A new combination is proposed: C. kermanshahensis (Wagenitz) Ranjbar & Negaresh. In addition, C. aggregata Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex DC. subsp. aggregata is typified and C. diffusa Lam. is reported here as a new record for Iran. Finally, a key to all species of the section Centaurea in Iran is provided.
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Two little known species of Centaurea sect. Acrocentron from Algeria and Morocco have been studied. A phenetic analysis of two populations of these taxa, combined with other two species of the same section from South Spain, shows that the two North African taxa are actually a single species. A description and illustration of the species are included. A hybrid origin for three varieties in the same group described by Maire is suggested, and included in a new hybrid entity: Centaurea x renati Garcia-jacas & Susanna, nom. & stat. nov.
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Oreizi, E., K. Negaresh & M.R. Rahiminejad (2017). A new name in Centaurea (Asteraceae, Cardueae) from Turkey. Candollea 72 : 319–322. In English, English abstract.Centaurea zaferii Negaresh is proposed as a new name for Centaurea foliosa Boiss. & Kotschy published by Boissier in 1875, a later homonym of Centaurea foliosa Gand. published by Gandoger in 1873. The description of Centaurea zaferii is amended with characters of mature flowers and achenes. Centaurea zaferii is morphologically similar to Centaurea charrelii Halácsy & Dörfler and a discussion of their diagnostic characters is presented. In addition, the geographical distribution and habitat of Centaurea zaferii are presented.Received: January 12, 2017; Accepted: June 30, 2017; First published online: July 20, 2017
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The large genus Centaurea (Asteracea-Carduae) comprises about 500 species, which are predominately distributed around the Mediteranean area and in W. Asia [1]. There are 180 Centaurea species, 109 of them being endemic and distributed almost all over the Anatolian peninsula as aggressively invading weeds [2,3]. Centaurea species have been used for their antidandruff, antidiarrhoic, antirhevmatic, antiinflammatory, antibacterial properties in folk medicine [4]. Chemical investigations of various Centaurea species have revealed mainly sesquiterpene lactones, flavanoids, alkaloids and lignans [5,6].
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The protein patterns of 47 Centaurea species from Turkey were obtained using SDS-PAGE methods. Relationships between Centaurea species and related genera were evaluated via use of a dendrogram. SDS-PAGE provided protein profiles for an important and applicable selection within Centaurea, particularly for the section Cheirolepis and its relatives. We determined that the technique could be used to resolve taxonomic and evolutionary problems in the genus Centaurea, as most of the Centaurea species studied exhibited special protein profiles and patterns.
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