Biomarkers of immunotoxicity in fish: from the lab to the ocean
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Immunotoxicology
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abstractThe increasing interest in immunotoxicology as a subtopic of toxicol- ogy acknowledges the growing recognition that the immune system and immunocompetence per se may be a sensitive and perhaps early indica- tor of toxicity. Indeed, accumulating evidence based on human and exper- imental animal studies now link exposure to a variety of drugs and chemical agents with various immunotoxic processes, including immu- nosuppression and hypersensitization (,). The primary objective of this chapter is to describe a minimum battery of standardized techniques that allows the routine assessment of potentially immunotoxic compounds (,). The chapter is divided into three main sections: the first covers humoral immunity, namely the plaque assay; the second is concerned with cell-mediated immunity and covers in vitro T-cell mitogenicity; the third covers the mixed lymphocyte assay and in vitro cytotoxicity.
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Normal maturation of immune response at birth is both supported and stimulated by the gastrointestinal microenvironment, which provides both nutrients and antigenic microbial exposure to the developing child. Micronutrients, trace elements, and vitamins are present in the local environment and have important regulatory effects on adaptive immune cell function through effects on type of cytokine response. Congenital HIV infection is critically affected by both nutrient imbalance and alteration in gastrointestinal microflora, which may impair growth and development as well as immune response. Studies described here indicate that micronutrient deficiency is common in congenital HIV exposure even where infection has not occurred and that gastrointestinal recolonization may exert a restorative effect on both immune response and growth in children with HIV infection.
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The purpose of this study is to establish a simple method to incorporate materials into fertilized fish eggs by using some voltage pulses. Medaka (Oryzias latipes) eggs are used in our research. Medaka fish lay a lot of eggs every day, so it is easy to prepare samples for experiment. Furthermore we can observe their growth through transparent outer-shell with a microscope.
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AbstractThe complex nature of the immune system with its multiple humoral and cellular components makes it an easy target for many drugs and chemicals. Immunotoxicology is defined as an adverse response of the immune system to a chemical or drug which may result in disease such as autoimmunity, immune suppression, allergy or other hypersensitivity states. Occasionally, immune enhancement is the end result. Because many of the immune system's cellular and humoral components can be isolated and studied in vitro, assays have been developed to study the immunotoxic effects of chemicals. Further refinement of these in vitro studies is required along with clinical investigations into the effects of chemicals on the immune system of humans. Extrapolating from the animal data to human effects has proven to be unsuccessful in many circumstances. Further definition and study of immunotoxic responses as contrasted with normal immune responses to neo-antigens are required to investigate actual disease causation.
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Certain xenobiotics (or the metabolites) can damage immunocompetence by directly interacting with one or more of the cells of the immune system and adversely affecting its function. It has also been proposed that xenobiotics may indirectly affect immune function by affecting other organ systems that will in turn affect immunocompetence. This review surveys evidence that supports the existence of a functional link between the brain and the immune system. In addition, we review data that support the concept that a xenobiotic-induced dysfunction in the neuroendocrine system may be associated with an immune dysfunction as well. Such chemicals do not necessarily interact directly with immunocompetent cells but would instead act to disrupt regulatory brain-immune interactions. This class of indirectly acting immunotoxic xenobiotics would not be detected in the typicalin vitro screening assays.
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