A rapid PCR‐based test for the endogenous viral element ev3 of chickens
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A short fragment of chicken genomic DNA encompassing the insertion site of the endogenous avian leucosis viral element ev3 was isolated using the inverse polymerase chain reaction (inverse PCR) technique. The nucleotide sequence of the unoccupied site was used to design PCR primers that can be used to unambiguously determine the genetic status of any chicken, with respect to ev3. Screening of a small number of individuals from exotic breeds of chickens suggested that the frequency of ev3 is highly variable. The ev3 integration site shows a high degree of sequence homology with the macrophage-specific tyrosine kinase gene, bmk, in mice.Since inflamed gingiva contain significantly higher levels of endogenous PGs (8) and cAMP than normal gingiva and since exogenous PGs have been shown to stimulate endogenous cAMP synthesis in gingiva in vitro, we suggest that the increase in the endogenous cAMP levels found in the inflamed tissue may be attributable to the increase in endogenous PGs. Cyclic AMP has been reported to stabilize the lysosomal membranes of inflammatory cells; hence, the increase in cAMP formation in inflammation seems to be associated with an endogenous compensatory protective mechanism which is able to stop immune or allergic reactions (9, 10).
Pathogenesis
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In order to improve understanding the inducers of empty shells of chestnut,the authors tested the contents of endogenous hormones.The results showed that: the content of endogenous GA_(1+3) in normal developmental embryos of chestnut kept increasing after bloom and reached a peak value at the 25th day,during which endogenous GA_(1+3) accumulated more rapidly from 10th to 25th day after bloom;the content of endogenous GA_(1+3) in empty shell embryos did not increased obviously.The content of endogenous iPAs in normal developmental embryos kept up and reached the peak on the 25th day after bloom,but in the empty shell embryos, the iPAs content slowly decreased after bloom,followed by a dramatic decrease from the 15th day.So the accumulation of iPAs and GA_(1+3) and the decrease of endogenous ABA were beneficial to the normal development of chestnut.
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As a kind of biologically important reactive oxygen species (ROS), hypochlorite (ClO-) plays a crucial role in many physiological processes. As such, endogenous ClO- is a powerful antibacterial agent during pathogen invasion. Nonetheless, excessive endogenous ClO- could pose a health threat to mammalian animals including humans. However, the detection of endogenous ClO- by bioluminescence probes in vivo remains a considerable challenge. Herein, based on a caged strategy, we developed a turn-on bioluminescent probe 1 for the highly selective detection of ClO-in vitro and imaging endogenous ClO- in a mouse inflammation model. We anticipate that such a probe could help us understand the role of endogenous ClO- in a variety of physiological and pathological processes.
Hypochlorite
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Endogenous amino acid losses in intact and caecectomized geese were determined by nitrogen-free diet method(NFD) and fasting method(FAS) in this study and the differences of the two methods were compared.Twelve adult male Yangzhou geese were randomly divided into two groups with six birds in each group,and one group was chosen to be caecetomized.The geese were fasted for 24 h and the endogenous amino acid losses were detected by collecting all excrement in 24 h.The results showed that endogenous serine,leucine,and phenylalanine losses in caecectomized group determined by NFD were significantly lower than those in intact group(P0.05),endogenous arginie loss in caecectomized group was extremely significantly higher than that in intact group(P0.01),and the other endogenous amino acid losses determined by NFD were similar(P0.05).The endogenous aspartate and valine losses in intact group determined by FAS were significantly higher than those in caecectomized group(P0.05),and the other endogenous amino acid losses determined by FAS were similar(P0.05).It is concluded that endogenous amino acid losses in intact and caecectomized geese determined by NFD and FAS are different,most of endogenous amino acid losses are extremely significantly different,and all most endogenous amino acid losses determined by NDF are higher than those determined by FAS
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Serum contains exogenous survival factors for fibroblasts. Removal of these exogenous factors causes inactivation of endogenous survival factors, subsequent release of a constitutively expressed apoptosis machinery from negative control and apoptosis. Inactivation of endogenous survival factors after serum withdrawal is mediated by reactive oxygen species and can be rapidly reversed through re-addition of serum. Oxidative inactivation of endogenous survival factors after depletion of exogenous survival factors as well as the process of reversion to the active state do not require protein synthesis, indicating the existence of a constitutively expressed regulatory system that controls the interaction of exogenous and endogenous survival factors.
Reversion
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Hy-line brown adult roosters of400-day-old were used to study the correlativity between the endogenous nitrogen losses and endogenous energy in the endogenous excreta of fowls.The main results were summarized as follows.There was significant correlativity between the endogenous nitrogen losses and endogenous energy losses in the endogenous excreta of roosters,r=0.97(P0.01);linearity regress equation was y^=21.02+36.21x;b=36.21KJ /g.It indicated that energy of endogenous nitrogen was different to that of uric acid,the energy of endogenous nitrogen was higher.It was more reasonable to substitute the energy of uric acid with that of endogenous nitrogen losses.
Fowl
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Plant hormones play important roles in regulating the occurrence of crop tillers. However, little is known about the relationships and the underlying mechanisms between endogenous hormones and the occurrence of wheat tillers induced by exogenous hormones. In this study, two winter wheat cultivars, Xinong 979 and Xiaoyan 22, were used to investigate the effects of the exogenous application of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin (Z) on the occurrence of wheat tillers and investigate underlying mechanisms regulating the occurrence of tillers. The results showed that the application of IAA inhibited the occurrence of tillers, and external Z application promoted the occurrence rate of tillers under low nitrogen conditions. Further analysis of the results showed that exogenous IAA completely inhibited the growth of tiller buds, while exogenous Z significantly promoted the growth rate of tiller buds in low nitrogen conditions. Endogenous hormones exhibit important functions in regulating the growth of tiller buds, which contents were affected by exogenous hormones. Furthermore, according to the principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis, the growth of tiller buds was significantly positively correlated with the content of endogenous Z, whereas it was significantly negatively correlated with the ratios of endogenous IAA to endogenous Z (IAA:Z) and endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) to endogenous Z (ABA:Z). Moreover, no significant correlation was observed between the growth of the tiller buds and the endogenous IAA, endogenous gibberellins (GAs), and endogenous ABA content. These results suggested that Z played key roles in regulating the tiller occurrence, and exogenous hormones regulated the growth of wheat tiller buds via affecting the Z contents, thus regulating the occurrence of wheat tiller.
Tiller (botany)
Zeatin
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Bolus (digestion)
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