Therapeutic potential of different commercially available synbiotic on acetaminophen-induced uremic rats
Arpita MandalA. PatraShreya MandalSuchismita RoyShreya Das MahapatraTapasi Das MahapatraTanmay PaulKoushik DasKeshab Chandra MondalDilip Kumar Nandi
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Keywords:
Nephrology
Acetaminophen
Uremic Toxins
Uremic Toxins
Uremia
Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome
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Uremic Toxins
Uremia
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Acetaminophen
Outpatient clinic
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Acetaminophen
Premedication
Oral surgery
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AIM To study the effect of glucurolactone on metabolism of acetaminophen and whether there is protective effect on liver impairment induced by acetaminophen. METHODS After ip 150 mg·kg -1 acetaminophen and glucurolactone simultaneously, the variation of metabolic ratio was determined. The effect of liver impairment induced by acetaminophen was observed while acetaminophen and glucurolactone were administered ip with inducing or simultane ous administering methods. RESULTS Glucurolactone had no effect on metabolism of acetaminophen and no protecting action on liver impairment induced by acetaminophen in Kunming mice. CONCLUSION Glucurolactone has no direct detoxification to the toxicity induced by acetaminophen in mice.
Acetaminophen
Detoxification
Liver toxicity
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Uremic Toxins
Uremia
Anthrax toxin
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Acetaminophen, a para-aminohenol derivative, was first clinically used in 1893. In 1980 s, the relevance of aspirin for Reye's syndrome became a problem, then acetaminophen came into use for various kinds of cases such as children, pregnant women and the elderly for pain management or alleviation of fever. However, because acetaminophen has a very weak COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory effect it has weak or no anti-inflam- matory effect Therefore physicians do not wish to use acetaminophen for management of pain in which in- flammation is thought to be the main mechanism. But recently acetaminophen has become reevaluated as an indication for patients with chronic pain. In 2011, the maximum daily dose of acetaminophen in Japan was increased from 1,500 ng - day-- to 4,000 mg - day-1 (international dosage). As acetaminophen has few side effects of gastrointestinal and renal systems, its use is recommended for the control of long term pain man- agement The side effects of acetaminophen and their management are discussed.
Acetaminophen
Antipyretic
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Uremic toxins are chemicals, organic or inorganic, that accumulate in the body fluids of individuals with acute or chronic kidney disease and impaired renal function. More than 130 uremic solutions are included in the most comprehensive reviews to date by the European Uremic Toxins Work Group, and novel investigations are ongoing to increase this number. Although approaches to remove uremic toxins have emerged, recalcitrant toxins that injure the human body remain a difficult problem. Herein, we review the derivation and elimination of uremic toxins, outline kidney–gut axis function and relative toxin removal methods, and elucidate promising approaches to effectively remove toxins.
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Uremia
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Acetaminophen is a popular, universally used, over-the-counter pain medication contained in more than 600 different products and available in a plethora of dosage forms. Acetaminophen is an important adjunct to manage postoperative dental pain in combination with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug such as ibuprofen. For the treatment of more severe pain, acetaminophen is often formulated with non-opioid and opioid agents. Because of the accessibility of acetaminophen and its widespread use, dental practitioners need to be cognizant of any significant safety concerns that may be associated with this drug, including acetaminophen toxicity. This article discusses the history of acetaminophen, its pharmacology, metabolism, and toxicity, as well as strategies to help address some of the potential safety issues with this medication, including unintentional overdosing.
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Ibuprofen
Over-the-counter
Antipyretic
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The use of acetaminophen is recommended in pain management, particularly acute pain management, to reduce opioid utilization and opioid related adverse drug events. Acetaminophen’s role in chronic pain conditions is understudied. This cross-sectional study was performed in a pain management office to explore how chronic pain patients use acetaminophen. The final study sample included 100 patients. Current users of acetaminophen were most likely to report that a doctor had recommended acetaminophen to them (86.4%) compared to ever (66.7%) and never (55.6%) users (p < .001). Patients who were recommended taking acetaminophen by a physician were 3.60 times as likely (95% CI 1.58, 8.25) to be a current or ever user of acetaminophen as compared to those who did not receive such a recommendation from their physician. There were no significant differences between current, ever, and never users on their knowledge of the maximum daily dose of acetaminophen of 4 g (p = .925). The study suggests that patients are often unaware of acetaminophen’s role in the treatment of their chronic pain.
Acetaminophen
Cross-sectional study
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