Alterations of Immune Cell Phenotypes in Young Children with Second-Hand Smoke Exposure (SSE)
J.M. KoehrsenDeborah A. GentileA. PatelYoung Kyu KwonChristine A. SchadTimothy J. SchaffnerDavid P. Skoner
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Atopy
Cotinine
Of the various biochemical markers used to validate the smoking status of a person, nicotine and continine are considered as good markers for both active and passive smoking. In the present study an attempt was made to estimate urinary levels of nicotine and cotinine in healthy individuals from north India using different types of tobacco to identify and validate the smoking status.Twenty four hour urine sample of 130 healthy volunteers (smokers=70, passive smokers=20, tobacco chewers=20, non smokers=20) were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. Smokers were divided into different groups, viz., cigarette, bidi and hooka smokers.The mean values of nicotine (ng/ml) and cotinine (ng/ml) in urine were highest in cigarette smokers (nicotine=703.50+/-304.34; cotinine=2736.20+/-983.29), followed by hooka smokers (nicotine 548.0+/-103.47 and cotinine 2379.0+/-424.25), and bidi smokers (nicotine=268.53+/-97.62, cotinine=562.60+/-249.38). There was no correlation of nicotine or cotinine values with smoking index. In passive smokers (nicotine=109.75+/-22.33, cotinine=280.75+/-86.30) and in nonsmokers, the values were much lower (nicotine=55.00+/-13.71, cotinine=7.30+/-2.47) compared to smokers. In tobacco chewers, the values for nicotine and cotinine were 447.75+/-145.09 and 2178.30+/-334.29 respectively.All forms of tobacco users had significantly higher values compared to passive smokers and nonusers. Thus, cotinine and nicotine levels in urine may be considered as good indicators to assess the exposure to tobacco in our population.
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Abstract Determination of percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection is usually done by flow cytometric analysis. We compared a cell marker ELISA with flow cytometry for quantitation of CD4 and CD8 molecules on T lymphocytes, and correlated the values both with the number of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and with clinical data. Results by cell marker ELISA (y) correlated well with those by flow cytometric analysis (x); r = 0.69, P < 0.001 (y = 0.01x + 3.9) for CD4; r = 0.81, P < 0.001 (y = 0.03x + 5.4) for CD8; n = 343. The ELISA detected changes in numbers of CD8 molecules on the cells earlier than flow cytometry recognized changes in CD8+ T-cell counts. The advantages of the ELISA are the small sample volume required (0.5 mL of blood), its internal standardization by a CD4+/CD8+ cell line, and its simple and fast performance. The cell marker ELISA appears to be an efficient alternative to flow cytometry.
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The relationship between atopy and wheeze was examined in children, together with the possible influence on these conditions of parental atopy and family size. Children with a repeated history of wheezing were selected from an urban general practice population. The children, their first degree relatives, and a control group were examined for atopic status, atopy being defined as more than one positive immediate skin prick test response. The prevalence of wheeze in boys was 15.5%, in girls 7.6%, and of atopy in boys 19.7% and in girls 8.1%. Of 110 atopic children 70% had no atopic parent, 27% had one atopic parent, and in 3% both parents were atopic. The presence of parental atopy was associated with an increased prevalence of wheeze in boys but not in girls, 12.0% of boys having a history of wheezing if neither parent was atopic and 27.5% if either or both parents were atopic (p less than 0.05). The presence of parental atopy was associated with an increased prevalence of atopy in girls but not in boys, 6.1% of girls having atopy if neither parent was atopic and 18.9% if either or both parents were atopic (p less than 0.01). There was a strong association between atopy and wheeze for both sexes and no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of atopy or wheeze in children whether they were from two, three, or four child families.
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ABSTRACT. The influence of a family history of atopy on atopic morbidity, and relationships between diet in infancy and allergic manifestations at the ages of one and five years were prospectively studied in 91 children. A control group consisted of 72 children with no family history of atopy. At the age of one year, atopic manifestations were found in 19 % of 163 children, in 23 % of those with a family history of atopy and in 14 % of those with no such history. Skin problems were more common in children with a family history of atopy (43 %) than in the control children (19 %). Of the children with a family history of atopy, 23 % had prolonged rhinorrhoea during infancy. The corresponding figure in children with no family history of atopy was 10 %. Prolonged rhinorrhoea during infancy correlated with parental smoking only in children with a family history of atopy (47 % vs. 18 %). At the age of five years, atopic disease was found in 17 % of 128 children, 24 % of those with a family history of atopy and 9 % of those with no such history. Atopic eczema was more common in children with a family history of atopy, irrespective of the diet consumed during infancy. Atopic signs were found in about half of all the children with a family history of atopy. If atopy had been present in the family, the child usually exhibited the same manifestation. Onset of atopic manifestations was not prevented or delayed.
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Understanding SHS exposure is important in measuring and preventing exposure. Estimation of the Cotinine values help in biochemical validation and cessation outcomes. The biochemically estimated cotinine levels is found to be an indicator, second hand smoke exposure or use of therapeutic nicotine. AIMS:To evaluate salivary cotinine level in second-hand smokers MATERIALS AND METHODS : 78 study subjects divided into 2 groups (Group 1 and Group 2) of 39 each. The saliva samples were collected from subjects who had no previous history of tobacco smoking and subjects who are second-hand smokers. Their cotinine contents were measured using the competitive ELISAmethod according to the standard curve. STATISTICALANALYSIS: Data analysed by using descriptive analysis. Independent t-test was used to compare the cotinine concentration between the groups. RESULTS:The mean salivary cotinine level in groups (Group 1 and Group 2) was found to be 20.37 ng/ml and 6.78 ng/ml respectively.. CONCLUSIONS:salivary cotinine level was signicantly high in second hand smokers compared to nonsmokers.
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Objective To investigate the variation of T lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood of the patients with tumor and their clinical significance.Methods The T lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood from patients with tumor n = 27 and healthy controls n = 25 were detected with flow cytometry.Results The CD3+ T cells,CD4+ T cells and CD4+/CD8+ ratio in patients with tumor were significantly lower than that in the control group.Comparied with the control group the CD8+ T cells in patients with tumor were significantly higher P 0.01 .Conclusion The immunological function of patients with tumor was decreased.The flow cytometry is a rapid,sensitive and accurate measure to detect the immunological function of patients with tumor.It can play an important role in evaluating the curative effect and prognosis of the disease.
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