Theory of scattering of electromagnetic waves of the microwave range in a turbid medium
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Molar absorptivity
Extinction (optical mineralogy)
Monocrystalline whisker
Tape casting
Indentation
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The phenomenon of spontaneous growth of metallic filaments, known as whisker growth has been studied. Until now the problem that Sn whisker growth could cause in electronics by making shorts has been partially prohibited as Pb and Sn have been used together in solders and coating. Regulations restricting Pb use in electronics has made the need to understand Sn whisker growth more current.It is shown that whiskers are highly resilient towards vibrations and shocks. A Sn whisker is shown to withstand 55 mA.Results show that reflowing of the Sn plated surface does not prevent extensive whisker growth. Results show that intermetallic compound growth can not be the sole reason behind whisker growth. Nickel and silver underlayer have been shown not to prevent whisker growth, but perhaps restrain whisker growth. Heat treatment damped whisker growth considerably. It is judged that base material CuSn6 is less prone to show whisker growth than CuSn0.15 and E-Cu58.
Monocrystalline whisker
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Static light scattering
Biological small-angle scattering
Intensity
Multiangle light scattering
Turbidity
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Monocrystalline whisker
Morphology
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Monocrystalline whisker
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The performance of PP -R resin was improved by adding CaSO4 whisker. The modification process of CaSO4 whisker and the influence of CaSO4 whisker in improving the performance of PP -R resin, such as thermal resistance and mechanical property had been researched. The break surface of CaSO4 whisker/PP -R resin composite was observed by SEM imagines. The results show that CaSO4 whisker modified with 8% KH550 possesses better disperse character;modification effect of whisker on resin closely related to the length of whisker,the longer the whisker,the better the modification effect. Compare to pure PP -R resin,the performance of composite material was improved greatly when adding 5% CaSO4 whisker,its heat distortion temperature was increased from 72 ℃ to 104 ℃ and elongation at break was improved from 45% to 122%.
Elongation
Surface Modification
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We have investigated the influence of electric field on tin whisker growth. Sputtered tin samples were exposed to electron radiation, and were subsequently found to have grown whiskers, while sister control samples did not exhibit whisker growth. Statistics on the whisker properties are reported. The results are considered encouraging for substantiating an electrostatic theory of whisker growth, and the technique offers promise for investigating early stages of whisker growth in general and establishing whisker-related accelerated life testing protocols.
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SiC whisker reinforced TiB2 matrix composites containing 10 to 30vol% whisker were prepared by hotpressing at 1600 to 1900°C. The flexural strength of 867±77MPa and KIC of 5.8±0.12MPa√m were obtained for the 1800°C hot-pressed samples containing 10vol% whisker. No significant increase in KIC was observed by the whisker reinforcement because of the chemical reaction between matrix and whisker, which enhanced strong interfacial bonding and whisker agglomeration.
Hot pressing
Monocrystalline whisker
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Whisker growth on electroplated tin finishes may cause failures in electronic equipment. Although the mechanism for whisker growth is not understood in all details, different environmental conditions promote whisker growth in tin plated on Cu-based substrates and tin plated on FeNi42. In FeNi42 leadframes the thermal mismatch of tin and FeNi42 most likely promotes whisker formation and growth. This is the first systematic investigation of various temperature cycling conditions on whisker growth rates in Sn on FeNi42. The results indicate a decay of the growth rate with the number of cycles and/or whisker length and a linear relationship between whisker length and /spl Delta/T. In addition, second level assembly appears to reduce the maximum whisker length for a given environmental condition.
Temperature cycling
Monocrystalline whisker
Cycling
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