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    A self-catenated network containing unprecedented 0D + 2D → 2D polycatenation array
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    Abstract:
    Herein, we report a new acylamide ligand and its application in the construction of a metal–organic framework. The resultant acylamide metal–organic framework, namely [Zn2(L)(OH)(btc)]n (1, L = N1,N4-bis(pyridin-3-ylmethyl) naphthalene-1,4-dicarboxamide, H3btc = benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid), was obtained by hydrothermal synthesis. The outstanding structural feature of it is the 0D + 2D → 2D polycatenation array containing a self-catenated feature which has never previously been observed. To the best of our knowledge, the coexistence of self-catenation and polycatenation phenomena is highly exceptional.
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    A language $L$ is the orthogonal catenation of languages $L_1$ and $L_2$ if every word of $L$ can be written in a unique way as a catenation of a word in $L_1$ and a word in $L_2$. We establish a tight bound for the state complexity of orthogonal catenation of regular languages. The bound is smaller than the bound for arbitrary catenation.
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    We investigate the problem of decomposing a language into a catenation of nontrivial languages, none of which can be decomposed further. In many cases this leads to the operation of an ordered catenation closure, introduced in this paper. We study properties of this operation, as well as its iterations. Special emphasis is on laid on ordered catenation closures of finite languages. It is also shown that if an infinite language is a code or a length code, then its ordered catenation closure does not possess a finite decomposition of indecomposable factors.
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    In this paper, we show that, due to the structural properties of the resulting automaton obtained from a prior operation, the state complexity of a combined operation may not be equal but close to the mathematical composition of the state complexities of its component operations. In particular, we provide two witness combined operations: reversal combined with catenation and star combined with catenation.
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