Compton scatter densitometry in cancellous bone
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Abstract:
A single-source low-energy Compton densitometer has been used to investigate the effects of multiple scattering on density determinations. The relative electron density and mass density were determined in samples of known density, and in samples of human cancellous bone tissue. The influence of sample diameter on the measured relative electron density of known samples was investigated. The measured value was strongly dependent on the diameter and the density range of the sample. The bias inherent in the density determination which is attributable to multiple scattering and attenuation in human femoral bone was evaluated, and a correction for these effects is suggested for clinical measurements.Keywords:
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Cancellous bone
Bone tissue samples excised from the femoral heads of human were X-rayed together with the aluminum reference standard of density. The radiograms were scanned with the laser densitometer UltroScan XL (Pharmacia). Form the optical density profiles of bone samples the mean optical densities were determined. The optical densities were recalculated into equivalent thickness of the aluminium standard [mm Al]. Inter-measurement reproducibility of optical density determination was found to be very good (SD less than 3% of the mean). Relatively high variability (SD about 13% of the mean) was found for the optical density determination of a single bone sample X-rayed repeatedly. The inter-individual variability, which reflects the variability of bone tissue density between human subjects, was estimated as about 25% (SD as percent of the mean). We concluded that the laser densitometry performed according to our protocol provides the precise estimation of bone tissue density. Therefore, laser densitometry of bone tissue radiograms is potentially useful method for studies of bone in medical research and diagnosis.
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An automated densitometer based on the thermal lens principle is described. The apparatus also operates as a conventional laser transmission densitometer. Comparison of the performance in both modes shows that thermal lens densitometry provides lower detection limits, but that transmission densitometry is more satisfactory at high optical densities. The instrument is characterized with proteins separated by SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue G250.
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Abstract Video densitometric and classical slit-scanning determinations of pesticides on thin-layer chromatographic plates were validated for linearity, precision, and detection limit. A comparison of results showed that slit-scanning densitometry is more sensitive and more precise than video densitometry. However, according to validation requirements, relative standard deviation for video densitometry is acceptable (3.5–5.3%). Linearities are very good and almost identical for both techniques. The main advantage of video technology is speed (a few seconds, compared with 20 min with scanning densitometry). Video technology also provides excellent archiving facility. Image and chromatographic data can be stored together, edited, and used for many tasks.
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Densitometry at Cinecolor matches use as closely as possible. To this end, densitometry of material to be used on optical printers is on a “specular densitometer,” and densitometry of sound tracks is on a “sound reproducer densitometer.” This paper describes these two densitometers.
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