Dynamic Security Decision-making Process
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This paper aims to propose particular technologies that will help implement all dynamic safety decisions. Prior decision ensures optimization and effectiveness of security measures and prevents accidents from happening; matter decision offers the emergency measures against accident spread and extension; post decision ascertains the causes, provides relevant countermeasures and identifies responsibilities, which can help avoid similar accidents from happening again.Keywords:
Decision-making
Accident (philosophy)
Dynamic decision-making
This thesis addresses the topic of real-time decision making by driverless (autonomous) city vehicles, i.e. their ability to make appropriate driving decisions in non-simplified urban traffic conditions. After addressing the state of research, and explaining the research question, the thesis presents solutions for the subcomponents which are relevant for decision making with respect to information input (World Model), information output (Driving Maneuvers), and the real-time decision making process. TheWorld Model is a software component developed to fulfill the purpose of collecting information from perception and communication subsystems, maintaining an up-to-date view of the vehicle’s environment, and providing the required input information to the Real-Time Decision Making subsystem in a well-defined, and structured way. The real-time decision making process consists of two consecutive stages. While the first decision making stage uses a Petri net to model the safetycritical selection of feasible driving maneuvers, the second stage uses Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods to select the most appropriate driving maneuver, focusing on fulfilling objectives related to efficiency and comfort. The complex task of autonomous driving is subdivided into subtasks, called driving maneuvers, which represent the output (i.e. decision alternatives) of the real-time decision making process. Driving maneuvers are considered as implementations of closed-loop control algorithms, each capable of maneuvering the autonomous vehicle in a specific traffic situation. Experimental tests in both a 3D simulation and real-world experiments attest that the developed approach is suitable to deal with the complexity of real-world urban traffic situations.
Decision-making
Component (thermodynamics)
Dynamic decision-making
Implementation
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Dynamic decision-making
Decision-making
Decision field theory
Making-of
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Accident-causing theories clarifies the cause and effect relation of the industrial accident from the industrial accident from the essence.It illustrates the occurrence、the development process and the result of the industrial accident.Researching and investigating the accident-causing theories,can rise the various factors of the whole process to the reasonableness know,finding out regulation and characteristics of the trouble creation,also finding out the method and measures that can prevent from the occurrence of the industrial accident. In this paper,I introduced major accident-causing theories,which include Monofactorial Accident Causation Theory、Accident Causation Sequence Theory、Epidemiological Theory and System Theory,and evaluated their opinions.In the end of the paper,I forecast their future developments.
Accident (philosophy)
Causation
Industrial Accident
Accident investigation
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The paper discusses the problem of optimal regulation of aircraft assignments for airline flights. Due to the fact that the activities of the airline are subject to changes caused by both external and internal environment, the planned schedule needs continuous management and control. In the event when the actual flight schedule deviates from the planned one, it is necessary to promptly make a decision on adjusting (restoring) the schedule and reassigning aircraft. Operational schedule management involves making adjustments to the current schedule from a depth of several hours to several days. The solution to the problem is to determine the unambiguous correspondence of flights and specific aircraft subject to maximizing the likelihood of meeting production targets and observing a number of restrictions. The task of managing airline schedules belongs to the class of scheduling optimization problems for parallel-sequential systems studied within the scheduling theory. It is NP-hard and requires the development of computationally efficient solution algorithms. However, the issue of choosing criteria for the optimization problem deserves special attention, since the correct choice plays an essential role in terms of assessing the effectiveness of decision-making. In the theory of decision-making, no general method for choosing the optimality criteria has been found. The definition of the target criterion depends on the expectations of the production. Within the framework of this paper, an original criterion is proposed for constructing an optimal solution to the discrete problem of managing aircraft assignments, the main idea of which is to find a balance between the duration of the schedule and the number of flights with a negative deviation from the planned schedule by assessing the level of punctuality violation risk. The paper gives a detailed concept of punctuality, describes an approach to assessing the level of risk, and also proposes an original formal formulation of the task of operational management of aircraft assignments based on the criterion of minimizing the risk of violation of flight punctuality.
Dynamic decision-making
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Accident (philosophy)
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Decision-making in critical situations which are time-constraint and high-impact requires comprehensive information and a careful process. Such situations are always faced by an air defense commander who has the responsbility to secure the national airspace from any intruder which tries to enter the airspace anytime from anywhere. In a critical situation where an unknown or unregistered object enters the airspace, the air defense commander has to make the right decision based on the data and the information from its subordinates at the soonest time. An air defense system is a combination of sensors, weapons, command and control (C2), intelligence systems, communications, and personnel that forms Command, Control. Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) operating under a designated air defense commander. Because of its criticality in time and precision in decision, in this study we proposed a solution to help the process of decision-making in the air defense system by modeling the dynamics of decision-making by using social network approach based on modified Friedkin-Johnsen model. We found that this model is helpful for an air defense commander in making a decision accordingly to the information received from his subordinates, and shortens the data processing in the decision-making process. Some air defense decision-making scenarios with different sensory apparatus configurations are also presented to show how it works in a dynamic situation and its high- performance in delivering a better decision.
Command and Control
Decision-making
Dynamic decision-making
Air combat
Situation Awareness
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This paper compares three approaches for selecting planned airport acceptance rates in the single-airport ground-holding problem: the Ball et al. model, the Richetta–Odoni dynamic model, and an approach based on approximate dynamic programming. Selecting planned airport acceptance rates is motivated by current practice of ground delay program planning under collaborative decision making. The approaches were evaluated using real flight schedules and landing capacity data from Newark Liberty International and San Francisco International Airports. It is shown that planned airport acceptance rates can be determined from the decision variables of the Richetta–Odoni dynamic model. The approximate dynamic programming solution, introduced by the authors, is found by posing a model that evaluates planned airport acceptance as a Markov decision process. The dynamic Richetta–Odoni and approximate dynamic programming approaches were found to produce similar solutions, and both dominated the Ball et al. model. The Richetta–Odoni dynamic model is computationally more efficient, finding solutions 10 times faster than approximate dynamic programming, although the approximate dynamic programming approach can more easily incorporate complex objectives. Surprisingly, the performance of all three approaches did not change significantly when evaluated using different models for collaborative decision-making procedures. This observation suggests that modeling collaborative decision making may not be important for selecting near-optimal planned airport acceptance rates.
Dynamic decision-making
International airport
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