Optically activated planar GaAs switches for DC applications
A. ColaF. QuarantaL. VasanelliE. BertolucciMaurizio ContiPaolo RussoG. BisogniU. BottigliM.E. FantacciA. StefaniniR. FucciG. MeloneRiccardo RossiG. Stefanini
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Voltage drop
In this study using the piezoelectric direct effect (DEP) method. The existence of this method can be used to generate voltages and currents from the piezoelectric. From these data, it can be divided between series and parallel circuits to carry out the battery charging process using a diesel engine vibration. The results of this experiment, namely by using a series arrangement will get a good voltage up to a value of 10.5 volts with a voltage drop of about 3 volts so that the resulting current is about 30 mA. When using a parallel circuit the resulting voltage is less than 0.8 volts so that the battery is not filled. The estimated time taken for the research process is 50 minutes with an average power output of around 90.91 mW so that the value of the mAh is about 19.38 mAh.
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Vibrator (electronic)
Voltage drop
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A description is given of the measuring system set up at the PTB for the realization of the SI volt and the determination of the conversion factor Kv by means of a voltage balance. The voltage balance comprises two cylindrical electrodes to generate the electrostatic force from the measuring voltage of 10.186 kV, and a substitution balance to measure the force by comparison with the force due to gravity acting on a 2 g mass. To achieve force equilibrium a small variable voltage is added to the constant measuring voltage. The measuring voltage is generated in a two-stage 1000-fold step-up and linked up with the asmaintained volt by using a transfer standard consisting of 10 saturated standard cells connected in series. The total relative uncertainty of Kv is expected to be less than 4 parts in 107.
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Realization (probability)
Kilogram
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The ac-dc difference of the ac-dc transfer standard fluke 792A has been calibrated at millivolt voltage in this paper. The 792A is calibrated based on the voltage divider techniques. A cascaded inductive voltage divider (IVD) has been built with using binary inductive voltage dividers (BIVDs) in cascade connection. The ratio errors of the cascaded IVD are calibrated against the self-calibrated BIVD at millivolt voltages. A resistive voltage divider (RVD) which has equal ratio with the cascaded IVD has also been built. The dc and ac ratio errors at low frequencies are consistent. The VDs can trace the small voltages to the thermal voltage converter (TVC) and be used to measure the ac-dc difference of the 792A at mV ranges.
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Resistive touchscreen
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The technique of voltage grading a surface which is stressed electrically to very high d.c. voltages was experimentally shown to be a sound approach in the design of pressurized gas-to-vacuum feed-through bushings. A maximum voltage of 1.2 million volts positive and 1 million volts negative were realized over an insulator length of 30 cm in vacuum.
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High Voltage
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Work on an electrostatic measuring system for the determination of the SI volt and the conversion factor KV at the PTB is reported. The system consists of a so-called voltage balance and a generator for the dc measuring voltage. There is a need for the development of such a device with an uncertainty below 1 part in 106 because measurements with existing voltage balances, and results obtained by other methods show discrepancies of several parts in 106. In order to reduce the uncertainty and to simplify the apparatus a special measuring method was developed. The voltage/force transducer of the PTB voltage balance is formed from two coaxial cylindrical electrodes and the generated force is substituted for the force of gravity on a weight of 2 g. The electrode voltage is composed of a constant part of 10186 V, derived in a 1000-fold stepup from 10 standard cells, and a much smaller variable part used for balancing the scale beam by means of a control loop. Taking the root sum of squares the total relative uncertainty of the SI volt and of KV is expected to be less than 4 parts in 107.
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Coaxial
Root mean square
Voltmeter
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A brief progress-report is made on the results so far obtained in the development of vacuum-tubes to which the very high voltages produced by Tesla coils (greater than ${10}^{6}$ volts) can be applied. One cascade tube has been constructed which withstood repeatedly a voltage of 1,400,000 volts, and others have been used at lower voltages. This method, originally developed by Coolidge, gives promise of being suitable for voltages of several million, and eventually perhaps even higher. No effort has been made so far to use these tubes with a definite and controlled emission, since experience has shown that single-section tubes operated at several hundred kilovolts have approximately the same voltage-limitation with or without hot cathodes. The chief difficulty with very high-voltage tubes is that of preventing the uncontrollable (cold-cathode) emission which limits the voltage which can be applied. An electrodeless tube which withstood 1,000,000 volts is briefly described.
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Vacuum tube
High Voltage
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During the past 10 years, the operation of electric railways at d-c. voltages of 1200 and 1500 has become common and higher voltages have been shown to be practicable. The paper deals first with the fundamental differences in apparatus for 1200 or 1500 volts as compared with the former 600-volt standards and indicates the apparent tendency of general practise with regard to a number of alternative constructions which must usually be considered in each specific application of these systems. Referring then to the use of higher d-c. voltages which is just beginning, it points out the tendency to reach an ultimate maximum by employing a multiplicity of voltages differing but slightly from each other, such as 2400, 3000, 3600, 4200, etc, for successive installations. It recommends, in order to avoid the confusion which must surely result from this, that efforts be made to establish at once a sinale standard for high-voltage lines. The paper shows that final standards in voltage are usually fixed by broad economic considerations rather than by physical limitations and suggests that 5000 volts direct current would offer a very satisfactory voltage for such a standard if commercial apparatus for this voltage were available. Finally, it touches briefly upon the operation of the experimental 5000-volt line at Jackson, Michigan, which has been so successful as to give great hope that the system will be commercially developed.
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Confusion
High Voltage
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Addition of an interpolated substation is an effort to decrease voltage drop on the system. This voltage drop occurs at the end pole because of the long distance. As a result, the voltage that reaches the customer's house whose low voltage line is connected to the end pole is small or under the standard set. The load of the transformer on the BC259 and BC206 substations is still approriate with the standard but the quality of the voltage at the end pole is not good (drop). Interpolated substation of BC259 is DGN1 while interpolated substation of BC206 is DGN2. After the addition of DGN1, voltage drop and voltage received at phase R of feeder A substation BC259 gets better, during the day the voltage drop becomes 8,94 Volt and 26,43 Volt at night, while voltage received becomes 221,06 Volt during the day and 203,5 Volt at night. Similar to the BC259 substation, voltage drop and voltage received at phase S of the feeder C substation BC206 also gets better after the addition of DGN2, during the day the voltage drop becomes 12,71 Volt and 17,48 Volt at night, while voltage received becomes 217,29 Volt during the day and 212,52 Volt at night.
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Voltage drop
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This experimental study determined the weight of wire used in power supply using the laboratory technique and procedure to gather data. There were two designs with three treatments each, prepared and subjected to using the Two Way Analysis of Variance. The treatments for the first design were: one is 1 1/8 inch by 1 1/8 inch area and output voltage of 6 volts; two is 1 1/8 inch by 1 1/8 inch area and output voltage of 36 volts; three is 1 1/8 inch by 1 1/8 inch area and output voltage of 110 volts. The treatments for design number two were: one is 1/2 inch by 1/2 inch area and output voltage of 12 volts; two is 3/4 inch by 3/4 inch area and output voltage of 12 volts; three is 1 inch by 1 inch area and output voltage of 12 volts. The test result of significant differences in the effectiveness, efficiency and performance of the different treatments showed no significant difference on windings, temperature, voltage, size of the iron core, current, power, number of turns, turns per volt and force applied in winding.
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