Effect of sodium hydroxide treatment and/or extrusion cooking on the nutritive value of peanut hulls
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Abstract Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) is one of the main types of solid waste which is continuously produced from palm oil mills. OPEFB contains lignocellulose to which the hemicellulose can be converted into furfural, an important precursor material used for producing high value chemicals, by means of a hydrolysis reaction. This process must be preceded by pretreatment in order to disrupt compact lignocellulose structure of OPEFB and to expose hemicellulose for further hydrolysis reaction. In this study, the optimum pretreatment conditions of OPEFB for hemicellulose recovery by microwave assisted alkali method with aqueous sodium hydroxide is evaluated by using response surface methodology (RSM) based on three-level three-factorial Box-Behnken design. OPEFB powder with different size ranging from 30 - 40 mesh was immersed into sodium hydroxide solution at 1 : 10 solid-liquid ratio. Variations of sodium hydroxide concentrations (1; 2; 3%), microwave power (280; 560; 840 Watt), and radiation time (3; 6; 9 minutes) were examined in this study. The quadratic model showed that pretreatment at 593.43-Watt and 1.15 % sodium hydroxide concentration for 5.99 minutes recovered the highest hemicellulose of OPEFB i.e. 23.22%.
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A reliable index for quantifying maturity and predicting herbage quality of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) grown in diverse environments would be useful. An index developed at Cornell University was used to compare the in situ rate and extent of digestibility of neutral‐detergent fiber (NDF), cellulose, and hemicellulose of spring‐ and summer‐grown alfalfa stems at similar morphological stages. Stems were harvested every 10 d during spring growth and summer regrowth of 1984 and 1985. Maturity at each harvest was classified on a scale of 0 to 9, and a mean stage number was calculated. Ground (2 mm) stems were ruminally incubated in dacron bags for 0 and 48 h in 1984 and 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h in 1985. Residues were extracted sequentially with neutral and acid detergent to determine residual NDF, cellulose, and hemicellulose. Rate of digestion (1985 data only) was calculated via nonlinear regression. After 48 h in the rumen, NDF, cellulose, and hemicellulose of spring‐grown stems were digested to a greater extent than summer‐grown stems of comparable chronological age. Digestibility of NDF [ R 2 = 0.78, root error mean square (REMS) = 64 g kg −1 , cellulose ( R 2 = 0.78 REMS = 58 g kg −1 ), and hemicellulose ( R 2 = 0.83, REMS = 59 g kg −1 ) declined nonlinearly with increasing maturity stage. Digestion rate of NDF, cellulose, and hemicellulose was faster in vegetative stems (average = 0.164 h −1 ) compared with reproductive stems (average = 0.093 h −1 ). Hemicellulose was digested 80% faster than cellulose. Our data demonstrated a close association between in situ digestibility of detergent‐fiber fractions and the Cornell index and further supports its utility.
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This research was carried to investigate the effect of different levels of forage neutral detergent fiber (fNDF) in the diet offered to ewe on the intake and apparent digestibility of the diet and on nitrogen balance. Sixteen adult, non-pregnant and non-lactating Santa Ines ewes, weighting 45.01 ± 5.15 kg, were used. The experimental design used was a 4x4 latin square, with four treatments (8.67%; 17.34%; 26.01% and 34.69% of fNDF) four animals and four periods. The intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), crude protein (CP), digestible protein (DP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were influenced positively by the levels of fNDF of the treatments. The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, GE and ADF were influenced by treatments. Nitrogen balances were positive at all levels of forage NDF. This study made it clear that there is a physiological limit to the use of concentrate in diets offered to ewe, being necessary a minimum amount of forage NDF in the diet to reach the maximum efficiency of nutrients use; however, this limit seems to be inferior at the lowest level of fNDF of the current study.KEYWORDS: animal nutrition; metabolism; ruminants.
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─In this study four Holstein steers with rumen fistula fed 7 kg of dry matter (DM) of diets differing in concentrate to alfalfa hay ratios as 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, and 90:10 in a 4 × 4 latin square design. The pH of the ruminal fluid was measured before the morning feeding (0.0 h) to 8 h post feeding. In this study, a two-layered feed-forward neural network trained by the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was used for modelling of ruminal pH. The input variables of the network were time, concentrate to alfalfa hay ratios (C/F), non fiber carbohydrate (NFC) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The output variable was the ruminal pH. The modeling results showed that there was excellent agreement between the experimental data and predicted values, with a high determination coefficient (R >0.96). Therefore, we suggest using these model-derived biological values to summarize continuously recorded pH data. Keywords─Ruminal pH, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Non Fiber Carbohydrate, Neutral Detergent Fiber.
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Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of the level and degradability of crude protein (CP) on the digestive metabolism and productive performance of dairy cows. In both experiments, 15 Holstein cows with 585 ± 40 kg of body weight were distributed in a Latin square design with five contemporary squares, three periods of 21 days and three treatments. In experiment 1, treatments consisted of three CP levels (130, 160 or 180 g CP/kg DM), while in experiment 2, the treatments consisted of three levels of rumen degradable protein (RDP; 80, 100 or 120 g RDP/kg DM) in diets with average of 163 g CP/kg DM. Variables evaluated in both experiments were dry matter intake (DMI), total apparent digestibility, milk yield (MY) and composition, ruminal fermentation and N balance. In experiment 1, the increase of CP from 130 to 180 linearly increased the organic matter, CP, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) intake (kg) and the apparent total digestibility coefficient of DM and CP. In addition, a linear increase of MY, fat corrected milk (FCM) and daily production of fat, protein, lactose, casein and total solids was observed. A linear increase in ruminal ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration and nitrogen excretion in milk, feces and urine was also observed. However, there was no observed effect on SCFA concentration. In experiment 2, the increase of the RDP from 80 to 120 increased the DMI, MY, FCM, milk protein content and digestibility coefficient of the NDF, ADF and ethereal extract. Additionally, there was an increase in NH3-N concentration and milk nitrogen excretion. The studies indicated that the increase of CP content up to 100 g RDP/kg DM increased the DMI and the productive performance of the cows, but also increased urine N. Thus, it is desirable that the increase of the CP through the increase of the RDP is carried out up to 100 g of RDP/kg DM, since there is elimination of nitrogen, decrease of milk yield and decrease of propionic acid in values above that level.
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The aim of this work was to evaluate the partial replacement of the soybean meal by urea plus forage cactus on the apparent digestibility of the nutrients. Eight Holstein cows were assigned in a two (4x4) latin square design. The urea represented 0.0%, 0.8%, 1.54%, and 2.40% of dry matter (DM) of the diets, corresponding to 2.32%, 4.65%, 6.66% and 8.02% of crude protein (CP) levels in the form of non-proteic nitrogen compounds (NPN). The digestibility of the crude protein, total carbohydrates, non-fiber carbohydrates, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber was not affected by NPN levels (75.56%; 71.36%; 89.40%; 50.61%; the 57.30%, respectively). The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter and ether extract decreased lineally. The TDN values determined in digestibility trial and the estimated by NRC (2001) presented high correlation (0.91).
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The objective of this study was to determine the effects of licury cake (LC) inclusion in the diets of lactating goats on productive and metabolic performance. Twelve lactating goats, eight Saanen and four Anglo-Nubian, were distributed in a triplicate 4 × 4 Latin square design, with four treatments (0, 66.7, 133.3, and 200 g kg−1 of dry matter—DM). On the one hand, the LC inclusion increased neutral detergent fiber, indigestible neutral detergent fiber, and potentially digestible neutral detergent fiber (p < 0.001) intake. On the other hand, LC inclusion reduced ether extract and non-fibrous carbohydrate (p < 0.001) intake. There was a reduction in dry matter digestibility (p = 0.018) and an increase in neutral detergent fiber digestibility (p = 0.036). Feeding (p = 0.005) and rumination (p < 0.001) efficiencies increased with LC inclusion. The nitrogen balance was similar for all tested diets; however, we observed recycling metabolism. Based on the studied parameters, mainly milk production and composition, we recommend the LC inclusion of up to 200 g kg−1 DM in diets for lactating goats.
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Ostriches can digest feed fiber, however, the usefulness of including forages common in Mexico in complete diets for this specie is unknown. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the proportion in which nutrients of complete diets which include corn silage (CS) were in fact digested. All diets (CS: A: 0.00, B: 10.0, C: 20.0 and D: 30.0 %) were formulated to satisfy minimum nutritional requirements of crude protein (12.5 %), fiber (16.0 %) and metabolic energy (2.6 Mcal kg-1 feed). In a 4x4 Latin square design, four diets were consecutively dispensed to each one of four ostriches in its finalization stage (12 mo of age, males) for a 10 d period, the first 3 d as conditioning time and the other 7 d were considered on-test. Feed and feces were sampled in triplicate. Apparent digestibility (AD) of dry matter (DMAD), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were estimated. Statistically significant differences were not observed either in diet intake, weight increase or feed conversion index. However, inclusion of CS in diets allowed for a better performance for protein, NDF and ADF AD. Diet cost fell when CS content increased. Results of this study suggest that CS use in ostriches diet formulas, could increase technical and economic efficiency.
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