Low energy oxygen ion beam modification of the surface morphology and chemical structure of polyurethane fibers
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Abstract Pristine multiwall carbon nanotubes [MWCNTs] have been functionalized with various groups (-COOH, -SO 3 H, -PO 3 H 2 ) using different single- and double-step chemical routes. Various chemical treatments were given to MWCNTs using hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, and sulphuric acids, followed by a microwave treatment. The effect of the various chemical treatments and the dispersion using a surfactant via ultrasonication on the functionalization of MWCNTs has been studied. The results obtained have been compared with pristine MWCNTs. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray [EDX] spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy confirm the dispersion and functionalization of MWCNTs. Their extent of functionalization with -SO 3 H and -PO 3 H 2 groups from the EDX spectra has been observed to be higher for the samples functionalized with a double-step chemical route and a single-step chemical route, respectively. The I D / I G ratio calculated from Raman data shows a maximum defect concentration for the sample functionalized with the single-step chemical treatment using nitric acid. The dispersion of MWCNTs with the surfactant, Triton X-100, via ultrasonication helps in their unbundling, but the extent of functionalization mainly depends on the chemical route followed for their treatment. The functionalized carbon nanotubes can be used in proton conducting membranes for fuel cells.
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Nitric acid
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Surface Modification
Chemoselectivity
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In the light of current problems in preparation and application of superfine powder,new methods of surface modification such as coating modification,chemical modification,mechanochemical modification,micro encapsulation modification,high energy modification,precipitation modification etc,are introduced.Common modification equipments and modification agents for the surface modification of superfine powder are introduced and their development trends are also pointed out.The influential factors of surface modification are discussed and the prospects of surface modification technology are forecasted.
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There are four types of organosilicone used in polyurethane modification.A review is done with full details on the chemical structures of organosilicones and the mechanisms of polyurethane modification.Properties and applications of the modified polyurethanes are also discussed.
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The process of surface modification of the aluminum powder is very important in the production of functional aluminum powder. According to the means and the functions of modification, the main methods of surface modification including mechanochemical modification, oxidation modification, surface chemical modification, encapsulation modification, coating modification and deposition modification were described.
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Powder coating
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In this paper, the microwave-induced chemical functionalization of carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT-COOH) by 2,3-diaminopyridine, have been investigated. The major advantage of this high-energy procedure is reducing the reaction time to the order of minutes and the number of steps in the reaction procedure compared to that of conventional functionalization processes. These functionalizations involve amidation and cycloaddition reactions, respectively. The amidation was completed in one step as compared to two in the conventional approach. The acid chloride formation step was eliminated here. The cycloaddition of MWNTs with triphenylphosphite to producing MWNT-4-azabenzimidazole was carried out in 20 minutes under microwave conditions, and the results were similar to what was achieved in 4 days using conventional methods. The interesting point is that modified MWNT can be homogeneously dispersed in DMF without sonication and the dispersed MWNT does not sediment in 1 month. The results are confirmed by FT-IR, SEM, RAMAN, TGA, DTA and elemental analysis.
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The development of waterborne polyurethane is introduced,including the merits and the disadvantages of waterborne polyurethane. The modification development of waterborne polyurethane is mainly focused on the epoxy resin modification,organic silicone modification, polyacrylate modification and organic fluorine modification. The modification methods can significantly improve the properties of waterborne polyurethane and widen its application fields.
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Surface Modification
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Thermogravimetric analysis
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Chemical functionalization is an effective means of tuning the electronic and crystal structure of a two-dimensional material, but very little is known regarding the correlation between thermal transport and chemical functionalization. Based on the first-principles calculation and an iterative solution of the Boltzmann transport equation, we find that antimonene is a potential excellent thermal material with relatively low thermal conductivity k, and furthermore, chemical functionalization can make this value of k decrease greatly. More interestingly, the origin of the reduction in k is not the anharmonic interaction but the harmonic interaction from the depressed phonon spectrum mechanism, and for some chemical functional atom in halogen, flat modes appearing in the low frequency range play also a key factor in the reduction of k by significantly increasing the three-phonon scattering channels. Our work provides a new view to adjust thermal transport which can benefit thermal material design, and analyzes the reduction mechanism in k from the chemical functionalization of antimonene.
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