Antibody to human and simian retrovirus, HTLV-I, HTLV-II, HIV, STLV-III, and SRV-I not increased in patients with multiple sclerosis
David L. MaddenFrancis K. MundonNancy TzanDavid A. FuccilloMarinos C. DalakasVincent P. CalabreseT. S. ElizanGustavo C. Rom�nJohn L. Sever
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Abstract:
We have tested sera from patients with multiple sclerosis, matched controls, and those with other neurological diseases, as well as sera from patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and controls and patients with tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) and controls for antibody to human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), HTLV-II, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), simian T-lymphotropic virus type III, or simian retrovirus type I by immunofluorescent activity test, and for HTLV-I and HIV by the ELISA method. Sera from patients with multiple sclerosis and matched controls, and from patients with optic neuritis and Parkinson's or other neuromuscular diseases did not have antibody to any of the retroviruses tested. Specimens from TSP patients and some controls contained HTLV-I antibody. We conclude from our study that only TSP patients had serological evidence of infection with one of the retroviruses studied.Keywords:
Tropical spastic paraparesis
Simian
Human T-lymphotropic virus
Deltaretrovirus
Tropical spastic paraparesis
Seroprevalence
Deltaretrovirus
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APPROXIMATELY three years ago an apparently new and unexplained disorder called the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was recognized. Prompt worldwide recognition of this syndrome was brought about by a truly remarkable collaboration between practicing physicians in several parts of the United States and epidemiologists at the Centers for Disease Control. AIDS immediately became the subject of a number of reports, many of which have appeared in the Journal.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The disorder is an epidemic immunosuppressive disease that predisposes to life-threatening infections with opportunistic organisms, Kaposi's sarcoma, and less commonly, other neoplasms such as non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Characteristically, AIDS is associated with . . .
Human T-lymphotropic virus
Deltaretrovirus
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Recent reports have demonstrated that human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with other neurological abnormalities in addition to HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). It has been well established that high HTLV-1 proviral loads are associated with the development of HAM/TSP. We now demonstrate, for the first time, to our knowledge, that HTLV-1 proviral loads in patients with other neurological abnormalities are also significantly higher than in asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers.
Tropical spastic paraparesis
Human T-lymphotropic virus
Asymptomatic carrier
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Originally identified from a T-lymphoblastoid cell line (HUT 102) of a patient diagnosed with a cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, the human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) was the first described human retrovirus (1). In 1981, HTLV-I was established as the etiologic agent for adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) (2), a hematological malignancy first characterized in Japan (3). Since the initial description of ATL and the discovery of HTLV-I, the virus has been associated with an inflammatory, chronic, progressive neurologic disease known as HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in addition to several other inflammatory diseases (4–14). Although an increasing number of human diseases have been linked to HTLV-I the vast majority of HTLV-I—infected individuals remain clinically asymptomatic.
Tropical spastic paraparesis
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Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is the etiologic agent of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). High HTLV-I provirus load and tax mRNA level have been suggested as predictors of disease progression in patients with HAM/TSP, but little is known about the temporal variation in patients. To clarify the role of high proviral and tax mRNA loads and their fluctuations in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP, we measured proviral load and tax mRNA in serially collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from nine patients with HAM/TSP during a long-term follow-up, by use of real-time polymerase chain reaction using tax primers. The real-time PCR quantitation revealed a wide range of variation of proviral loads (7.82-97.13 copies per 100 PBMCs) and tax mRNA (0.20-245.30 copies) among HAM/TSP patients. Patients showed three different patterns of HTLV-I tax mRNA loads during the course of the disease. Tax mRNA load showed a separate evolution with respect to the disease. The dynamic patterns of proviral load and mRNA Tax expression suggest that only the permanent presence of a basal level of tax mRNA, rather than the tax mRNA load, is related to the development of HAM/TSP. To our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal study to determine tax mRNA expression at different clinical stages.
Tropical spastic paraparesis
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Human T-lymphotropic virus
Deltaretrovirus
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Tropical spastic paraparesis
Human T-lymphotropic virus
Deltaretrovirus
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Tropical spastic paraparesis
Deltaretrovirus
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Introduction: The human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovirus identified. The virus is transmitted through sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, sharing of contaminated needles or syringes and from mother to child, mainly through breastfeeding. In addition to the well-known association between HTLV-1 and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), several diseases and neurologic manifestations have been associated with the virus. Methods: This review was conducted through a Pubmed search of the term HTLV-1. Emphasis was given to the most recent data regarding pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of HTLV-1 infection. The aim of the review is to analyze how HTLV-1 infection may cause a variety of diseases and to the identification of biomarkers of disease expression associated with HTLV-1 infection. Results: A total of 99 articles were reviewed. The literature shows that a large percentage of affected individuals have neurological symptoms other than HAM/TSP. Conclusion: Increased understanding of these numerous clinical manifestations associated to the virus other than adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HAM/TSP has challenged the view that HTLV-1 is a low morbidity infection.
Tropical spastic paraparesis
Human T-lymphotropic virus
Deltaretrovirus
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Simian
Human T-lymphotropic virus
Seroconversion
Sexual transmission
Deltaretrovirus
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Human T-lymphotropic virus
Deltaretrovirus
Lytic cycle
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