Volume of fluid and concentration of cations and energy substrates in the uteri of mice during early pseudopregnancy
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Estimates of the volume of fluid and the concentration of cations in the uterus were made by flushing the uterine cavity of mice mated to vasectomized males and measuring the concentrations of sodium and potassium cations in the recovered fluid. On day 1 following mating, large volumes of fluid (greater than 90 microL) were found in the uterus but, from days 2 to 5, only 2-5 microL of fluid were present. The ratio of sodium to potassium fell from 4.5:1 on day 1 to 1.8:1 on days 2 to 5 of pseudopregnancy, indicating that uterine fluid in the mouse has a high K+ content ranging from 35 mEq L-1 on day 1 to 75 mEq L-1 on day 5. Glucose, lactate and pyruvate in uterine flushings were also assayed and their concentration in uterine fluid calculated using the volumes found above. The level of all substrates was low on day 1 after mating. From day 2 onwards approximately 1 mM glucose was present in the fluids. The concentration of lactate was more variable, and peaked at 4 mM on day 2 of pseudopregnancy. In general, the concentration of pyruvate was 10% of the lactate value.Keywords:
Sodium lactate
Potassium deficiency
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The effect of anion type and increasing calcium and sodium concentration on short-term potassium absorption by barley plants grown in nutrient solutions containing KCl was studied; the aim was to determine if such KCl-pretreated plants have the same potassium-absorption characteristics as KCl-starved roots. At a concentration of 20mM potassium, KCl-pretreated plants absorbed potassium from chloride solutions 1.5 times as fast as from sulphate solutions, and faster from nitrate than from chloride solutions. However, at 0.5 mM potassium, absorption rates from nitrate and chloride solutions were similar, as were rates from sulphate and chloride solutions at concentrations of 0.5 mM potassium or less. These results suggest that KCl-pretreated plants have both an anion- independent and an anion-controlled component of potassium absorption. In 0.5 mM KCl, high concentrations of calcium and sodium chlorides, but not sulphates, stimulated potassium absorption by KCl-pretreated plants. It is suggested that high rates of chloride absorption may stimulate potassium absorption from concentrations of potassium below 1 mM. In 20 mM KCl, neither chlorides nor sulphates of calcium or sodium had any effect on potassium absorption into KCl-pretreated plants. This result contrasts with published results with KCl-starved roots. The different results are interpreted as an increase in selectivity for potassium over sodium with increasing time of treatment with potassium.
Potassium nitrate
Sodium nitrate
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1. The effects of external potassium on sodium: potassium exchange and sodium: sodium exchange in human red cells have been estimated from measurements of ouabain-sensitive potassium influx and ouabain-sensitive sodium influx in media containing different concentrations of potassium.2. As the external potassium concentration is increased from zero to 5 mM, sodium:sodium exchange-as judged by ouabain-sensitive sodium influx-is progressively suppressed, and sodium:potassium exchange-as judged by ouabain-sensitive potassium influx-is progressively increased. Both exchanges are half-maximal between 1 and 2 mM-K, and at 5 mM-K sodium: sodium exchange becomes very small as sodium: potassium exchange approaches a maximum.3. Experiments have been carried out, mainly on resealed ghosts, to determine what factors affect the magnitude of the sodium:sodium exchange in potassium-free solutions.4. Sodium:sodium exchange does not occur in the absence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).5. Ghosts containing high concentrations of sodium, no potassium and high concentrations of ATP show no ouabain-sensitive loss of sodium into potassium-free solutions. The ability to carry out sodium:sodium exchange can be restored by replacing most of the internal sodium with potassium or by preparing the cells so that they contain much more orthophosphate (P(i)) than ATP.6. Ghosts containing sodium in low concentration, potassium in high concentration and with a low [ATP]/([ADP].[P(i)]) ratio show a greater ouabain-sensitive loss of sodium into potassium-free media than into media containing potassium; i.e. external potassium reduces ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux.7. The effect of P(i) is not the result of competitive inhibition of the transport ATPase since P(i) at the concentrations used does not inhibit ATPase activity in fragmented ghosts.
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Abstract The production of potassium sulphate from sodium sulphate and potassium chloride is recognized as a two stage operation. In the first stage sodium sulphate and potassium chloride react to form glaserite‐a double salt of sodium and potassium sulphate. In the second stage glaserite reacts with potassium chloride to form potassium sulphate. The re‐use of mother liquor from stage two and the recovery of potassium chloride and sodium sulphate from stage one are important aspects of the problem. The efficiencies of the various operations in the process have been improved by fairly extensive use of phase data which are mainly available in the literature.
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Pathogenetic studies have demonstrated that the interdependency of sodium and potassium affects blood pressure. Emerging evidences on the sodium-to-potassium ratio show benefits for a reduction in sodium and an increase in potassium compared to sodium and potassium separately. As presently there is no known review, this article examined the practical use of the sodium-to-potassium ratio in daily practice. Epidemiological studies suggest that the urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio may be a superior metric as compared to separate sodium and potassium values for determining the relation to blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risks. Higher correlations and better agreements are seen for the casual urine sodium-to-potassium ratio than for casual urine sodium or potassium alone when compared with the 24-h urine values. Repeated measurements of the casual urine provide reliable estimates of the 7-day 24-h urine value with less bias for the sodium-to-potassium ratio as compared to the common formulas used for estimating the single 24-h urine from the casual urine for sodium and potassium separately. Self-monitoring devices for the urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio measurement makes it possible to provide prompt onsite feedback. Although these devices have been evaluated with a view to support an individual approach for sodium reduction and potassium increase, there has yet to be an accepted recommended guideline for the sodium-to-potassium ratio. This review concludes with a look at the practical use of the sodium-to-potassium ratio for assistance in practical sodium reduction and potassium increase.
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As part of an investigation into the deterioration of Norfolk Island pine, Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco, on the coast of eastern Australia, seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions in which sodium was substituted for potassium over the range 0.1 - 2.1 mM to give six treatments, each with four ratios of sulfate to chloride. Potassium was freely taken up and translocated to the shoots, the levels in the shoots being higher than those in the roots. However, the levels of potassium in both shoots and roots were significantly reduced in solutions in which sulfate predominated over chloride. Uptake and translocation of sodium was restricted, the ratio of sodium (shoots) to sodium (roots) being less than unity. The concentration of chloride in the shoots and roots generally increased with increasing solution chloride concentration but was significantly reduced at the lowest potassium-to-sodium ratio. In a second experiment the ratio of sodium to potassium was kept at 50:1, sodium and chloride in the solutions increasing from 2.5 to 460 mM and potassium from 0.05 to 9.2 mM. At the lower concentrations, uptake and translocation followed similar patterns to those found in the first experiment. However at solution concentrations of 20 mM sodium and above, levels of sodium in the shoots exceeded those of potassium and chloride. At sodium chloride concentrations of 260mM - 460mM, plants showed toxic symptoms with salt encrustations appearing on the stems. Analysis of the saturation extracts of soils taken from beneath affected seaside trees showed that the concentrations of sodium and chloride were not sufficiently high to account for the high levels of these elements found in the shoots of affected trees.
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Journal Article Interactions in the Absorption of Monovalent Cations by Excised Radish Roots Get access H. NASSERY, H. NASSERY 1 School of Biological Sciences, University of SussexBrighton, BN1 9QG 1 Present address: Department of Biology, Pahlavi University, Shiraz, Iran. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D. A. BAKER D. A. BAKER School of Biological Sciences, University of SussexBrighton, BN1 9QG Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Annals of Botany, Volume 39, Issue 3, July 1975, Pages 621–625, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a084974 Published: 01 July 1975 Article history Received: 22 July 1974 Published: 01 July 1975
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The influxes of sodium and potassium have been measured in slices of mature citrus leaves, using 22Na and 42K as tracers. External concentrations were 0�03-100 mM (sodium) and 0�I-100 mM (potassium). The sodium influx was always less than the potassium influx, for any given external concentration. In neither case was the influx increased by light. There was no effect on the influxes when chloride ions in the experimental solutions were replaced by sulphate ions.
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