Atypical Disengagement from Faces and Its Modulation by the Control of Eye Fixation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Disengagement theory
Abstract The present study was designed to test whether the adaptation of saccadic eye movements depends only on the eye displacement vector of the trained saccade or also on eye position information. Using the double‐step target paradigm in eight human subjects, we first induced in a single session two “opposite directions adaptations” (ODA) of horizontal saccades of the same vector. Each ODA (backward or forward) was linked to one vertical eye position (12.5° up or 25° down) and alternated from trial to trial. The results showed that opposite changes of saccade amplitude can develop simultaneously, indicating that saccadic adaptation depends on orbital eye position. This finding has important functional implications because in everyday life our eyes saccade from constantly changing orbital positions. A comparison of these data to two control conditions in which training trials of a single type (backward or forward) were presented at both 12.5° and −25° eye elevations further indicated that eye position specificity is complete for backward, but not for forward, adaptation. Finally, the control conditions also indicated that the adaptation of a single saccade fully transferred to untrained saccades of the same vector, but initiated from different vertical eye positions. In conclusion, our study indicates that saccadic adaptation mechanisms use vectorial eye displacement signals, but can also take eye position signals into account as a contextual cue when the training involves conflicting saccade amplitude changes.
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Operator (biology)
Movement control
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In this study, how the state of eye movement before saccade affected the response to a stimulus was explored. The state of eye movement before saccade was either smooth pursuit or fixation. The smooth pursuit was carried out both clockwise and counter-clockwise. Using an eye-tracking system, the eye movement during the experimental task was monitored. The response time to a stimulus was measured. On the basis of the eye movement data (coordinate), the eye movement velocity, the eye movement acceleration, and the latency of eye movement were obtained. When smooth pursuit was carried out before saccade, the response to a stimulus which appears as a result of saccade was faster. More concretely, the response time of smooth pursuit condition was faster than that of fixation condition. The latency of the smooth pursuit condition tended to be faster than that of the fixation condition. Some implications for the application of the results to the traffic safety or automotive ergonomics were given.
Smooth pursuit
Stimulus (psychology)
Saccadic eye movement
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The present study was designed to test whether the adaptation of saccadic eye movements depends only on the eye displacement vector of the trained saccade or also on eye position information. Using the double-step target paradigm in eight human subjects, we first induced in a single session two "opposite directions adaptations" (ODA) of horizontal saccades of the same vector. Each ODA (backward or forward) was linked to one vertical eye position (12.5 degrees up or 25 degrees down) and alternated from trial to trial. The results showed that opposite changes of saccade amplitude can develop simultaneously, indicating that saccadic adaptation depends on orbital eye position. This finding has important functional implications because in everyday life our eyes saccade from constantly changing orbital positions. A comparison of these data to two control conditions in which training trials of a single type (backward or forward) were presented at both 12.5 degrees and -25 degrees eye elevations further indicated that eye position specificity is complete for backward, but not for forward, adaptation. Finally, the control conditions also indicated that the adaptation of a single saccade fully transferred to untrained saccades of the same vector, but initiated from different vertical eye positions. In conclusion, our study indicates that saccadic adaptation mechanisms use vectorial eye displacement signals, but can also take eye position signals into account as a contextual cue when the training involves conflicting saccade amplitude changes.
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This article addresses questions about the preparatory processes that immediately precede saccadic eye movements. Saccade latencies were measured in a task in which subjects were provided partial advance information about the spatial location of a target fixation. In one experiment, subjects were faster in initiating saccades when they knew either the direction or amplitude of the required movement in advance compared to a condition with equal uncertainty about the number of potential saccade targets but without knowledge of the parameters required to execute the movement. These results suggest that the direction and amplitude for an upcoming saccade were calculated separately, and not in a fixed serial order. In another experiment, subjects appear to have programmed the saccades more holistically--with computations of direction and amplitude parameters occurring simultaneously. The implications of these results for models of eye movement preparation are discussed.
Saccadic eye movement
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It was explored how the state of eye movement before saccade affected the response to a stimulus. The state of eye movement before saccade was either smooth pursuit or fixation. The smooth pursuit was carried out both clockwise and counter-clockwise. Using an eye-tracking system, the eye movement during the experimental task was measured. The response time to a stimulus was also measured. On the basis of the eye movement data (coordinate), the eye movement velocity, the eye movement acceleration, and the latency of eye movement were obtained. When smooth pursuit was carried out before saccade, the response to a stimulus which appeared as a result of saccade was faster. More concretely, the response time of smooth pursuit condition was faster than that of fixation condition. The latency of the smooth pursuit condition also tended to be faster than that of the fixation condition. Some implications for the application of the results to the traffic safety or automotive ergonomics were given.
Smooth pursuit
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Saccadic eye movement
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Although we are rarely aware of it, our ability to visually perceive and successfully interact with the world depends on a rapid and carefully orchestrated sequence of eye movements. Roughly three times a second, large high-velocity movements known as saccades drastically alter the spatial and temporal stream of visual input. To investigate the temporal constraints on saccadic eye movements and identify biases in oculomotor behavior, I developed a simple but novel task: rapid alternating saccades (RAS). Human participants are asked to make a series of eye movements back and forth between stationary targets as quickly as possible.In Chapter 2, I investigate the characteristics of one of the most prominent and well-known biases in eye guidance, inhibition of return. Participants made RAS between two targets or following an “hourglass” pattern in which the same location is only sampled every fourth eye movement. The experiments revealed that both saccade dwell times and secondary saccade characteristics were dramatically altered when the eye returned directly to a previously viewed location. The effects depended on the direction of movement and the angular difference between subsequent saccades. The results further explicate the inhibition of return phenomenon and provide novel insight into motor and attentional constraints governing the rate of sequential eye movements.Chapter 3 explores interactions between the eye and the hand. Findings indicate that the maximum rate of RAS increases when concurrent and directionally compatible hand movements accompany the eye movements. The increase is the result of shorter dwell times, higher saccade peak velocity, and a decrease in secondary saccade occurrence. The findings occur independently of changes in saccade amplitude or direction. Hand movements in the opposite direction of the eye result in longer dwell times and more frequent secondary saccades. The experiments illustrate the tight temporal coordination between saccades and arm motor systems during sequential movements.
Inhibition of return
Saccadic eye movement
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Smooth pursuit
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Abstract When searching a target in a natural scene, it has been shown that both the target’s visual properties and similarity to the background influence whether and how fast humans are able to find it. So far, it was unclear whether searchers adjust the dynamics of their eye movements (e.g., fixation durations, saccade amplitudes) to the target they search for. In our experiment, participants searched natural scenes for six artificial targets with different spatial frequency content throughout eight consecutive sessions. High-spatial frequency targets led to smaller saccade amplitudes and shorter fixation durations than low-spatial frequency targets if target identity was known. If a saccade was programmed in the same direction as the previous saccade, fixation durations and successive saccade amplitudes were not influenced by target type. Visual saliency and empirical fixation density at the endpoints of saccades which maintain direction were comparatively low, indicating that these saccades were less selective. Our results suggest that searchers adjust their eye movement dynamics to the search target efficiently, since previous research has shown that low-spatial frequencies are visible farther into the periphery than high-spatial frequencies. We interpret the saccade direction specificity of our effects as an underlying separation into a default scanning mechanism and a selective, target-dependent mechanism.
Visual Search
Spatial frequency
Microsaccade
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