Impact of Cadmium and Zinc Prior Exposure on 110m Silver, 58+60 Cobalt and 137 Cesium Uptake by Two Freshwater Bivalves During a Brief Field Experiment
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Caesium
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Abstract In metal‐polluted environments, high concentrations of metals such as zinc, cadmium, copper, and lead are present. Many studies have been conducted to determine uptake and binding of the nonessential, toxic metal cadmium. Effects of essential metals on this uptake and binding remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of zinc on cadmium kinetics and metallothionein induction in the springtail Orchesella cincta. Exposure experiments were conducted with cadmium only, zinc only, and cadmium + zinc. Metallothionein was isolated to determine zinc binding to or induction of this cadmium‐binding protein. In animals exposed to cadmium only and to cadmium + zinc, metallothionein was induced. In animals exposed to zinc only, no metallothionein was induced, and zinc did not bind to the metallothionein induced by cadmium. Cadmium uptake rate was significantly lower in animals exposed to cadmium + zinc than in animals exposed to cadmium only. No significant pattern of uptake and elimination of zinc was observed. Zinc concentrations in the animals were not significantly different for the different exposures, demonstrating that this element is regulated by O. cincta. These results suggest a protective role of zinc in the uptake of cadmium but no interference of zinc with the internal cadmium distribution and elimination.
Metallothionein
Springtail
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Effects of zinc ions, agitation rate, pH values and temperatures of zinc sulphate solutions on cobalt removal by zinc cernentation have been studied. Results show that for ions have a considerable effect on cobalt removal using for powder. It is easy to remove cobalt by cementation using zinc powder when there are not any zinc ions in cobalt sulphate solutions. On the contrary, it is hard to remove cobalt from cobalt sulphate solutions containing zinc ions. Rate of cobalt removal using zinc power decreases when the temperature of zinc sulphate solutions is below 75℃. Rate of cobalt removal increases when pH valuses of the solutions decrease, however, the depletion of zinc powder increases if the pH values of solutions are very low. In this way, the cost of production is raised. So the pH value of zinc sulphate solutions must be kept 3.8-4.5
Cementation (geology)
Cobalt extraction techniques
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Accumulation, elimination and subcellular distribution of heavy metals in Littorina brevicula exposed to cadmium and zinc separately and concurrently were investigated. When the winkles had been exposed to 400 ㎍/L CdCl₂ and 3000 ㎍/l ZnSO₄ separately for 90 days, each of the metal body burden in the whole sofl parts increased in proportion to time of exposure until 70 days. But it didn't increase after 70 days. But when the winkles had been exposed to cadmium and zinc simultaneously, cadmium body burden decreased but zinc body burden increased as compared to the winkles exposed to each of the metal. We also found that cadmium accumulated in the winkles was not depurated for 42 days, but zinc accumulated in them was depurated. Especially, zinc was depurated faster when they had been exposed to mixture of cadmium and zinc. After the winkles had been exposed to cadmium and zinc separately for 70 days, about 60% cadmium of the total body burden was associated with the soluble fraction, while about 75% zinc of the total body burden was associated with insoluble fraction. And these trends of metal partitioning did not alter when the winkles had been exposed to metal mixture. After the soluble fraction applied to gel-filtration chromatography column, the distribution patterns of cadmium and zinc associated with proteins or ligands were different each other. Most of cadmium (＞90%) in the soluble fraction was bound to MBP-1 (Metal-binding protein-1), about 6.5 kDa), while zinc was distributed evenly to HMW (High molecular weight fraction, >60 kDa), MBP-1, MBP-2 (about 5 kDa), LMW (Low molecular weight fraction,
Fraction (chemistry)
Metallothionein
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CADMIUM EXPOSURE
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In the contaminative soil of cadmium and zinc,the different concentration of cadmium and zinc influence alfalfa′s quality and cadmium content.The research indicate,when the concentration of cadmium increase,the content of cadmium in alfalfa increase.Zinc depress the absorption of cadmium.The cadmium concentration in soil and alfalfa is a liner response.The low concentration cadmium in soil accelerate the protein,the high concentration cadmium in soil depress the protein,The research indicate: It′s feasible to plant alfalfa in the low concentration of cadmium.
CADMIUM EXPOSURE
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In this study, one strain of fungi identified as Phoma sp. F2 with high ability of cadmium resistance and accumulating the heavy metal was screened from a mineral blende, then removal and adsorptive behavior for cadmium by F2 were studied. We discovered that F2 survived as high concentration as at 2 000 mg· L- 1 of cadmium. When cultured in liquid, cadmium in medium was removed effectively, especially, with highly initial concentration of cadmium, and cadmium content of dried biomass reached 28% . Adsorption of cadmium by dried biomass of F2 was in accordance with stair adsorption kinetics, and kinetic parameters were calculated in the present study. We also found that the adsorption ability of lyophilized biomass was much higher than oven dried biomass. It was suggested that the fungi remove effectively cadmium at wide ranges of pH and cadmium concentrations.
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The time course of cadmium uptake by the roots of intact tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was measured in a nutrient solution with a micromolar cadmium concentration until all cadmium in the medium was exhausted. Exhaustion taking a few hours, cadmium was repeatedly added to the nutrient solution. The initial rate of cadmium uptake was computed for each cadmium addition. This rate sharply increased and ultimately leveled off, the maximum value being about three times higher than the value measured after the first cadmium addition. The stimulating effect of cadmium was associated with an inhibitory effect at higher levels of cadmium concentrations. An increase in the net cadmium influx with time could not be explained by the binding of heavy metal to a fixed number of organic compounds. Conceivably, the production of binding sites could be increased and cadmium might play a part in controlling the rate of sites production.
Cadmium nitrate
Lycopersicon
CADMIUM EXPOSURE
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Salix has its special characteristic and some uptake and accumulation capacity for cadmium pollution in the environment.Two hybrid Salix clones were used to be tested in water for thirty-four days.The results indicated that cadmium concentration in leaf increased with cadmium mass concentration in solution and time prolonging.When cadmium mass concentration was 0～20(mg/L) in water,cadmium concentration in leaf of two Salix clones was increased slowly before 15 days and fast after 15 days,cadmium concentration increasing in leaf with cadmium mass concentration in solution was different in different Salix clones.The cadmium concentration in different parts of plant is in the order of rootleafstem,cadmium concentration in root of first clone was lower than third clone and first clone was higher than third clone in stem and leaf.When cadmium mass concentration was 0～20(mg/L) in water,the total cadmium uptake in different parts of plant is in the order of rootleafstem.The quantity of cadmium uptake in all parts of first clone was higher than third clone.When cadmium mass concentration was 5(mg/L) in solution,there was a great deal of Cd in root,cadmium concentration in overground of plant was more and more with cadmium mass concentration increasing in solution. The growth in Salix had not been distinctly restrained when the cadmium mass concentration is under 20(mg/L).
clone (Java method)
Mass concentration (chemistry)
Heavy Metals Pollution
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AIM: To investigate the mutagenicity of cadmium and zinc and the effect of zinc on the mutagenicity of cadmium. METHODS: The frequency of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induced by cadmium, zinc and the combination of cadmium and zinc were observed in cultured human lymphocytes. RESULTS: Cadmium induced the increase in frequency of SCE in human lymphocytes from the concentration 1×10~(-8) mol/L to 1×10~(-6) mol/L, but zinc had a negative result. Zinc reduced the frequency of SCE induced by cadmium at the concentration from 1×10~(-6) mol/L to 1×10~(-4) mol/L and a relationship between dose and effect was also observed. CONCLUSION: Zinc inhibits the mutagenicity of cadmium in cultured human lymphocytes.
Sister chromatid exchange
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