Genetic diversity and the phylogeography of parthenogenesis: comparing bisexual and thelytokous populations of Nemasoma varicorne (Diplopoda: Nemasomatidae) in Denmark
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Sex produces as numerous and long-lived offspring as parthenogenesis in a new parthenogenetic insect
Sex is a costly form of reproduction compared with parthenogenesis, but sex persists because of the more resistant and competitive descendants that it produces. We obtained thelytokous offspring from unmated female Doru lineare (Eschscholtz, 1822) earwigs, a species of insect in which parthenogenesis has never before been reported, and found that their number and survival rate did not differ from offspring of mated females. Current hypotheses support advantages of sex or parthenogenesis, but never equilibrium between them like the one reported in this paper. We suggest that parthenogenesis is how females multiply their entire genome and renew themselves.
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Genetic algorithm
Ecological speciation
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Parthenogenesis has been observed in several elasmobranch species, primarily in public aquaria. The majority of cases of parthenogenesis have occurred either when females were held without males or once a male was removed from a female's habitat. Here we report a second instance of parthenogenesis in a zebra shark female that was housed with conspecific mature males. This study calls into question the conditions under which elasmobranch females undergo parthenogenesis.
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Ecological speciation
Genetic algorithm
Incipient speciation
Reproductive isolation
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On the basis of allozyme and mtDNA sequence variation, we elucidated genetic relationships between two sympatric genetic types of Onychodactylus japonicus in Kinki and adjacent districts, and investigated their phylogeography. Allozymic analysis revealed the presence of two distinct genetic types (the SW-Honshu and Kinki groups) in this area, and their sympatric occurrence in three of 10 sampling sites. Fixed or nearly fixed allele differences in several loci strongly suggested reproductive isolation between the two types, although one hybrid specimen was found in a locality. Analyses of mtDNA using 194 specimens from 22 localities also demonstrated two genetic types. From phylogeographic and population genetic analyses, it was surmised that these two types diverged allopatrically, and secondarily contacted to become sympatric by the Pleistocene uplift of mountains. Our results indicate different specific status for these two types and separation of the Kinki group from O. japonicus, to which the SW-Honshu group belongs.
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1. By screening large quantities of unfertilized eggs laid by unmated females in the laboratory, 14 parthenogenetically-produced individuals of Drosophila robusta were found. All were females. It is suggested that they arose through automictic fusion of haploid products of meiosis in the unfertilized egg. 2. Each of the initial seven females came from a different wild strain, five from Nebraska and two from Missouri. The rate of parthenogenesis in these strains was .93 adult females per million unfertilized eggs laid. 3. Virgin females with one or more parthenogenetic females in their ancestry show a rate of parthenogenesis about 21/2 times that of the original strains. 4. A majority of the parthenogenetic females show reduced fertility, complete sterility and/or morphological abnormalities. 5. The evidence indicates that rare parthenogenesis such as is found in D. robusta, D. parthenogenetica, and D. polymorpha is genetically based and may serve as an example of an evolutionary stage through which the obligatory parthenogenetic species, D. mangabeirai, may have passed during the evolution of its parthenogenesis.
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