Volatile compound production during growth and ripening of peaches and nectarines
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Malus
Ornamental plant
Prunus dulcis
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Terpenoids are important natural flavour compounds, which are introduced to beer via hopping. It has been shown recently that yeasts are able to biotransform some monoterpene alcohols. As a first step towards examining whether yeasts are capable of altering hop terpenoids during the brewing of beer, we investigated whether they were transformed when an ale and lager yeast were cultured in the presence of a commercially available syrup. Both yeasts transformed the monoterpene alcohols geraniol and linalool. The lager yeast also produced acetate esters of geraniol and citronellol. The major terpenoids of hop oil, however, were not biotransformed. Oxygenated terpenoids persisted much longer than the alkenes.
Monoterpene
Citronellol
Geranyl acetate
Terpene
Biotransformation
Humulus lupulus
Nerolidol
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GUITIAN, J., J. M. SANCHEZ & P. GUITIAN (1992). Fruit/flower ratio in Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Prunus mahaleb L. and Prunus spinosa L. Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid50(2): 239-245 (in Spanish). We determined fruit/flower ratio in populations of Crataegus monogyna, Prunus mahaleb and Prunus spinosa (Rosaceae) in the northwest Iberian Peninsula. All three species showed low ratios (< 0.3) as a result of fecundity reductions which were both intrinsic and extrinsic in origin. Leveis of flower and fruit loss varied between individuais and between species, and were independent of the length of the phenological periods. In Crataegus monogyna and Prunus spinosa the most important reductions occurred at the beginning of fruit development, whilst in Prunus mahaleb they were recorded during the flowering period. In all three species, the intrinsic mechanism which regulate fruit/flower ratio act at all stages of the reproductive cycle, although with different intensity.
Crataegus
Prunus armeniaca
Prunus dulcis
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Prunus nutantiflora D.G. Zhang & Z.H. Xiang sp. nova (Rosaceae) from Hunan Province, China, is described, illustrated and compared with morphologically similar species. Prunus nutantiflora resembles especially P. xueluoensis in having three axillary winter buds and an ellipsoid drupe, but differs from it by having a densely pilose style base and a campanulate hypanthium (ca. 4 × 2.5 mm).
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Apples, the most familiar of all temperate fruits, are grown throughout the world in innumerable varieties. The cultivated apples is now referred to as Malus x domestica Borkh. (Korban and Skirvin, 1984), though many other names, particularly Malus pumila Mill, have been used in the literature. It is a member of family Rosaceae and sub-family Maloideae, formerly known as Pomoideae (Challice, 1981). The majority of the cultivated apples are functional diploids (2n=34). Darligton and Moffett (1930) suggested that apples are complex polyploids, being partly tetraploids and partly hexaploids with basic chromosome number of x = 7, which is common in Rosaceae.
Malus
Prunus dulcis
Pome
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Terpenoids are important natural flavour compounds, which are introduced to beer via hopping. It has been shown recently that yeasts are able to biotransform some monoterpene alcohols. As a first step towards examining whether yeasts are capable of altering hop terpenoids during the brewing of beer, we investigated whether they were transformed when an ale and lager yeast were cultured in the presence of a commercially available syrup. Both yeasts transformed the monoterpene alcohols geraniol and linalool. The lager yeast also produced acetate esters of geraniol and citronellol. The major terpenoids of hop oil, however, were not biotransformed. Oxygenated terpenoids persisted much longer than the alkenes.
Monoterpene
Citronellol
Geranyl acetate
Terpene
Humulus lupulus
Biotransformation
Nerolidol
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Prunus dulcis
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Two PCR methods were developed for specific detection of the trnS-trnG intergenic spacer region of Prunus persica (peach) and the internal transcribed spacer region of Malus domestica (apple). The peach PCR amplified a target-size product from the DNA of 6 P. persica cultivars including 2 nectarine and 1 flat peach cultivar, but not from those of 36 nontarget species including 6 Prunus and 5 other Rosaceae species. The apple PCR amplified a target-size product from the DNA of 5 M. domestica cultivars, but not from those of 41 nontarget species including 7 Maloideae and 9 other Rosaceae species. Both methods detected the target DNA from strawberry jam and cookies spiked with peach and apple at a level equivalent to about 10 μg of total soluble proteins of peach or apple per gram of incurred food. The specificity and sensitivity were considered to be sufficient for the detection of trace amounts of peach or apple contamination in processed foods.
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Prunus dulcis
Pyrus communis
Spacer DNA
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Experiments were done to investigate the volatile components in botrytized grape must and transformation of terpenoids in terpene-supplemented grape must by Botrytis cinerea. Twenty-eight compounds were identified in the volatile concentrate of botrytized must with a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. No terpenoids were detected in the concentrate. Linalool or terpinen-4-ol decreased a lot when Botrytis cinerea was cultured in the must with these terpenes for 15 days. In linalool-supplemented botrytized must 9 identified and 3 unidentified terpenes were found, while only geranial was detected in terpinen-4-ol-supplemented botrytized must. Botrytis cinerea did not produce terpenoid in grape must without terpenes, but transformed linalool added to grape must into some other monoterpenes.
Terpene
Monoterpene
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Apple growing in Florida was once limited to northern areas where a few local selections of medium to poor quality were grown (Figure 1). These selections fruited well only after the coldest winters. Northern apple cultivars such as ‘Red Delicious’, ‘Golden Delicious’, and ‘McIntosh’ do not produce well in Florida. The main problem is that these selections receive insufficient cold during the winter and, therefore, are slow, weak growing and fruit poorly when grown in Florida. This 4-page fact sheet is a minor revision written by A. Sarkhosh, T. E. Crocker, W. B. Sherman, J. G. Williamson, and J. Popenoe, and published by the Horticultural Sciences Department, May 2019. HS14/MG073: The Apple (Malus domestica, Rosaceae) (ufl.edu)
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