Imidazolium‐Functionalized SiO2 Nanoparticle Doped Proton Conducting Membranes for Anhydrous Proton Exchange Membrane Applications
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Abstract Imidazolium surface functionalized SiO 2 (Im‐SiO 2 ) nanoparticle doped proton conducting membranes were prepared for anhydrous proton exchange membrane applications. The hybrid membranes were synthesized via in situ cross‐linking of a mixture containing polymerizable oil (styrene, acrylonitrile, and divinylbenzene), protic ionic liquids (PILs), and 1‐methyl‐3‐[(triethoxysilyl)propyl] imidazolium chloride surface functionalized silica nanoparticles. The resultant hybrid membranes show proton conductivity up to the order of 10 –2 S cm –1 at 160 °C, which is higher that of the plain membrane (10 –3 S cm –1 at 160 °C). In addition, incorporation of Im‐SiO 2 nanoparticles could effectively prevent the release of PIL component from the composite membranes.Keywords:
Anhydrous
Surface Modification
Divinylbenzene
Abstract The copolymerization reactivity ratios for styrene/m- and styrene/p-divinylbenzene have been determined at high conversions (<35%) using the integrated form of the copolymerization equation. Values of r1 (s) = 1.11, r2 (m) = 1.00; and r1 (s) = 0.20, r2 (p) = 1.00 were obtained. These values indicate the same relative behavior but are quantitatively different from the differential data. The data confirm that the para isomer is incorporated more rapidly into the growing polymer chain than is the meta isomer.
Divinylbenzene
Reactivity
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Rare-earth coordination catalysts were used for the first time for the homopo-lymerization and, copolymerization of styrene (St) and divinylbenzene (DVB). Fea rtures of the polymerization of St and DVB by Nd(naph)3-Al (i-Bu)3 and Nd. (P204)3-Al(i-Bu)3 systems have been investigated. The conversion of styrene was more than 90% under the optimum conditions ([Nd] = 3 ×10-5 mol/ml; [M] = 3×10-3mol/ml, Al/Nd= 10(mole ratio), 50℃), while the catalyst system prepared by the following addition order:Nd-solvent-St-A1. With the variation of polymerization conditions and solvents, rare-earth polystyrene obtained was white or yellow powder showing atactic structure. Number-average molecular weight of PSt obtained ranges from 102 to 104. FeCl3 added to the polymerization system may suppress forr-ming yellow colour powder. DVB showed higher activity than styrene in copolymerization.
Divinylbenzene
Polystyrene
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Divinylbenzene
Tertiary amine
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Divinylbenzene
Suspension polymerization
Ethyl acrylate
Butyl acrylate
Inverse gas chromatography
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Divinylbenzene
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Divinylbenzene
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Divinylbenzene
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Divinylbenzene
Hydroquinone
Anion exchanger
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Poly(styrene-divinylbenzene beads, preirradiated in air, were graft-copolymerized with mixtures of maleic anhydride and styrene. A detailed study of grafting was made under various reaction parameters. The succinic anhydride residues of a sample of copoly(styrene-divinylbenzene)-g-poly(maleic anhydride-styrene) with 111% grafting were chemically transformed into N-hydroysuccinimide (Resin I) and N-bromosuccinimide (Resin II) residues. The esters derived from Resin I (analogous to the N-hydroxysuccinimide esters) were good acylating agents and their use was explored for the synthesis of peptides. Resin II was used for the bromination of benzylic substrates. The spent resins were found to be reusable without much loss to their capacity. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 847–852, 1997
Divinylbenzene
Maleic anhydride
Succinic anhydride
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The male rabbits were exposed to 20ppm of acrylonitrile for 8 hours a day, once a week for 8 continuous weeks, during which the daily amounts of free acrylonitrile and thiocyanate excreted in urine were measured. The activity in the acrylonitrile metabolism was also determined as the amounts of cyanide and thiocyanate formed after the addition of acrylonitrile in the extirpated liver homogenate of those rabbits.In another experiment, to investigate the distribution in the tissues and the excretion of the substance, 14C-acrylonitrile was administered once to rabbits subcutaneously, and 14C radioactivities were determined by liquid scintillation counting.1) The excreted amount of free acrylonitrile in urine increased at every exposure from the 1st to the 3rd time, and after the 4th an equilibrium state was reached by the exposure of 20ppm of acrylonitrile once a week, repeatedly.2) The excreted amount of thiocyanate in urine increased about sixfold in the 1st acrylonitrile exposure, then decreased a little the 2nd time, and thereafter reached an equilibrium state.3) The activity in the acrylonitrile metabolism of the liver (measured as mentioned above) was lowered during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd exposures.4) The amount of thiocyanate accumulation in the liver also decreased during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd exposures.5) Experiment of subcutanious 14C-acrylonitrile injection revealed that an insoluble acrylonitrile complex, inseparable by boiling with acid, remained within the blood and tissues even 48 hours after the administration.Most of the acrylonitrile was metabolised to some soluble substances (most of them was thiocyanate), and consequently about 90% of injected acrylonitrile was excreted in urine as such metabolites.6) From the above results, it is considered that part of acrylonitrile absorbed in the body is combined strongly with the tissues by the cyanoethylation and this combined complex brings about inhibition of enzyme activity, etc., lowering the metabolism of acrylonitrile.
Thiocyanate
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