Translational fusion of chloroplast-expressed human papillomavirus type 16 L1 capsid protein enhances antigen accumulation in transplastomic tobacco
Paolo LenziNunzia ScottiFiammetta AlagnaMaria Lina TorneselloAndrea PompaAlessandro VitaleAngelo De StradisLuigi MontiStefania GrilloLuigi BuonaguroPál MaligaTeodoro Cardi
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Plastids affected by either iojap or chloroplast mutator fail to green, and altered plastids are maternally transmitted to subsequent generations. The ultrastructure of iojap ‐affected plastids indicates that these plastids contain no ribosomes and are capable of supporting little internal membrane organization in either light or dark‐grown plants. Chloroplast mutator ‐affected plastids of light‐grown plants contain some organized internal membrane structures. In dark‐grown plants, chloroplast mutator ‐aftected plastids contain a crystalline prolamellar body, numerous vesicles, and osmiophilic granules. The chloroplast mutator ‐affecled etioplasts display an abnormal distribution of lamellar membranes; these membranes, rather than radiating in a spokelike pattern from the prolamellar body, are condensed into a portion of the organelle. Light causes disruption of the prolamellar body in chloroplast mutator ‐affected plastids without promoting the organization of a normal thylakoid membrane system. The effects of iojap and chloroplast mutator are cell autonomous and apparently influence the individual plastid, as evidenced by the persistence of heteroplastidic cells containing normal and affected plastids.
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Chloroplast Division Machinery The machinery for photosynthesis, which captures the Sun's energy to generate carbohydrates, generally resides in subcellular chloroplasts of plant cells. Chloroplasts must divide as the plant cell divides, but to do so requires their own plastid dividing machinery. Yoshida et al. (p. 949 : see the cover) have now analyzed the plastid dividing machinery of the single-celled alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae , whose cells each contain a single chloroplast. The plastid dividing machinery is made up of polysaccharide chains and the proteins that make them, which together generate a ring that constricts to physically divide the chloroplast.
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ABSTRACT Endosymbiotic chloroplasts within the cells of the ascoglossan slug Elysia chlorotica synthesize a variety of proteins including the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO) and the photosystem II protein D1. In addition, the effects of protein synthesis inhibitors suggest that some chloroplast-associated proteins are synthesized in the animal cytosol and subsequently translocated into the chloroplasts. Thus, the plastids not only synthesize proteins during this long-lived association, but the host cell seems to play a role in plastid protein turnover.
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