Surface-induced changes in protein adsorption and implications for cellular phenotypic responses to surface interaction
Lorcan T. AllenMiriam TosettoIan S. MillerDarran P. O’ConnorStephen C. PenneyIseult LynchA. K. KeenanStephen R. PenningtonKenneth A. DawsonWilliam M. Gallagher
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Protein Adsorption
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Properties and biocompatibility of a series of thermoplastic poly(urethane-siloxane)s (TPUSs) based on α,ω-dihydroxy ethoxy propyl poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) for potential biomedical application were studied. Thin films of TPUSs with a different PDMS soft segment content were characterized by 1H NMR, quantitative 13C NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), contact angle, and water absorption measurements. Different techniques (FTIR, AFM, and DMA) showed that decrease of PDMS content promotes microphase separation in TPUSs. Samples with a higher PDMS content have more hydrophobic surface and better waterproof performances, but lower degree of crystallinity. Biocompatibility of TPUSs was examined after attachment of endothelial cells to the untreated copolymer surface or surface pretreated with multicomponent protein mixture, and by using competitive protein adsorption assay. TPUSs did not exhibit any cytotoxicity toward endothelial cells, as measured by lactate dehydrogenase and 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assays. The untreated and proteins preadsorbed TPUS samples favored endothelial cells adhesion and growth, indicating good biocompatibility. All TPUSs adsorbed more albumin than fibrinogen in competitive protein adsorption experiment, which is feature regarded as beneficial for biocompatibility. The results indicate that TPUSs have good surface, thermo-mechanical, and biocompatible properties, which can be tailored for biomedical application requirements by adequate selection of the soft/hard segments ratio of the copolymers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 3951–3964, 2014.
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Abstract Late passage fibroblasts show decreased cell‐substrate adhesion. We provide evidence that the reduced adhesion is due to a defect in the adhesive glycoprotein fibronectin. Late passage cells become more adhesive in culture media that has been conditioned by the growth of early passage cells. Analysis of fibronectins purified from early and late passage cell conditioned media indicates that there are striking differences in their abilities to promote cell adhesion. Young cell fibronectin supports the maximal adhesion of both young and old cells. However, old cells require quantitatively more fibronectin. In contrast, old cell fibronectin is less effective in supporting the adhesion of either cell type. In addition, neither cell type achieves a normal morphology in the presence of old cell fibronectin. The results support the conclusion that the fibronectin released by late passage cells is defective and does not support normal cell‐substrate interactions.
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Abstract Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and polysulfone (PSf) are two polymers with excellent mechanical properties but insufficient biocompatibility mainly due to their surface hydrophobicity. This study has applied oxygen plasma treatments and dopamine coating on the two polymers and investigated the changes of the surface properties and interactions with mammalian cells. All modification steps were verified by means of Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis and contact angle measurements. Surface topology of materials and biomolecules was studied by atomic force measurements (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Protein adsorption was quantified by fluorescent imaging and Bradford method. The results showed that O 2 plasma altered the surface hydrophilicity effectively on PSf and more than two folds of oxidation were obtained, when compared with the pristine one. The change of surface wettability was less significant on the O 2 plasma treated PVDF due to less oxidation extent, which was identified by analyzing the chemical compositions. The provided functionalized PVDF and PSf surfaces were tested with bovine serum albumin and L‐929 mouse fibroblasts to evaluate the effects of surface modifications on protein adsorption and cell attachments. The biocompatibility was effectively promoted to fourfold and twofold on the hydrophobic PVDF and PSf by applying O 2 plasma treatments within short treatment time. Moreover, the simple immobilization of polymers in dopamine solution resulted in hydrophilic surface coating with stability that caused threefold and twofold increases of biocompatibility on PVDF and PSf correspondingly. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 100A:3177–3188, 2012.
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Research in the author's laboratory on proteins at interfaces over the past four decades, with biocompatibility as the underlying theme, is reviewed. A principal focus in fundamental studies has been the dynamics of adsorbed protein layers in both simple systems and real biofluids. Investigations on protein resistant surfaces based on surface modification with poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (polyMPC) have also been a major theme. Most of our work has been done in the context of biomaterials for use in blood contact and the hypothesis that blood compatibility, and biocompatibility in general, depends on control of protein adsorption has guided much of our more recent efforts. Specifically we have hypothesized that surfaces which prevent non-specific protein adsorption and promote specific adsorption of target proteins, should have improved biocompatibility. Blood contacting surfaces that promote fibrinolysis by specific adsorption of plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator, or that prevent coagulation by adsorption of antithrombin have been investigated on this basis.
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Biocompatibility is a key characteristic in the design of biomaterial such as implants. The key aspects of surface quality that affect biocompatibility are surface roughness, surface feature, surface chemistry, crystallinity and porosity. The biocompatibility can be assessed in vitro by observing cell behaviour such as cell differentiation, proliferation and viability. Furthermore, surface aspect such as surface roughness induced selective protein adsorption onto the biomaterial surface. The effect of surface quality on protein adsorption is also important to be understood because cells will attach to the protein adsorbed, instead of the material directly. This review paper critically analyses the role of surface quality on biocompatibility of biomaterials based on the information available in literature. For quantitative analyses, in vivo assessment such as osseointegration phenomenon was discussed in detail. Towards that, a systematic review was conducted with chronological development in this field.
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Abstract In today's medicine world, alumina‐based biomaterials owing to their excellent biomechanical, and biocompatibility properties play a key role in biomedical engineering. However, the literature still suffers from not having a valid database regarding the protein adsorption and subsequently cell responses to these surfaces. Proteins by adsorption on biomaterials surfaces start interpreting the construction and also arranging the biomaterials surfaces into a biological language. Hence, the main concentration of this review is on the protein adsorption and subsequently cell responses to alumina’s surface, which has a wide range biomedical applications, especially in dentistry and orthopedic applications. In the presented review article, the general principles of foreign body response mechanisms, and also the role of adsorbed proteins as key players in starting interactions between cells and alumina‐based biomaterials will be discussed in detail. In addition, the essential physicochemical, and mechanical properties of alumina surfaces which significantly impact on proteins and cells responses as well as the recent studies that have focused on the biocompatibility of alumina will be given. An in depth understanding of how the immune system interacts with the surface of alumina could prove the pivotal importance of the biocompatibility of alumina on its success in tissue engineering after implantation in body.
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