High gain solar photovoltaics
Bob MacDonaldM. FinotB. HeikenT. TrowbridgeHarold D. AcklerLauren LeonardEric G. JohnsonBohong ChangT. Keating
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Skyline Solar Inc. has developed a novel silicon-based PV system to simultaneously reduce energy cost and improve scalability of solar energy. The system achieves high gain through a combination of high capacity factor and optical concentration. The design approach drives innovation not only into the details of the system hardware, but also into manufacturing and deployment-related costs and bottlenecks. The result of this philosophy is a modular PV system whose manufacturing strategy relies only on currently existing silicon solar cell, module, reflector and aluminum parts supply chains, as well as turnkey PV module production lines and metal fabrication industries that already exist at enormous scale. Furthermore, with a high gain system design, the generating capacity of all components is multiplied, leading to a rapidly scalable system. The product design and commercialization strategy cooperate synergistically to promise dramatically lower LCOE with substantially lower risk relative to materials-intensive innovations. In this paper, we will present the key design aspects of Skyline's system, including aspects of the optical, mechanical and thermal components, revealing the ease of scalability, low cost and high performance. Additionally, we will present performance and reliability results on modules and the system, using ASTM and UL/IEC methodologies.This paper firstly explores characteristics of technology commercialization in Korean firms based on a survey that was developed along theories of technology commercialization and technological innovation. This study characterizes each sub-process - imagining, incubating, and demonstrating phase - of technology commercialization process according to Jolly (1997). We developed a variety set of indicators to measure characteristics of technology commercialization in both firm and project level, and examined the characteristics of technology commercialization in Korean firms under four dimensions such as ① innovation characteristics at three sub-processes of technology commercialization ② attributes of technologies and products targeted for commercialization ③ acquisition of technologies targeted and cooperative partners for commercialization ④ corporate capabilities for commercialization. 366 respondents completed the survey that includes information on 496 technology commercialization projects, which amounts to the response rate of 21.7%. The paper suggests managerial and policy implications for the improvement of the success rate and the policies designed to promote the technology commercialization in the private sector. First, Korean firms need to build corporate capabilities for commercialization in terms of in-house expert and mobilization of funds. Second, technologies at early stages need to be commercialized in order to create bigger value-added. Third, more active networking with various partners are strongly recommended. Fourth, proof-of-concept program needs to be introduced in order to increase survival rate of technology commercialization. Last, required funds at each sub-process needs to be provided through various funding sources.
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Commercialization of research product has not only been regarded as an economic stimulant but also as a solution for universities to generate income. There are various commercialization behaviors and each have different levels of importance. However, the rate of university commercialization that has high level of importance is still low. The aim of this study is to investigate the level of importance of commercialization behavior in University context. In addition, this paper also will investigate the factors contributing to the low level of academician participation in commercialization behavior such as patent, license and spin-off companies. This article reviews the literature on type of commercialization behavior, commercialization’s level of importance and preferred commercialization activities among academicians in Malaysian Research Universities. Various literatures related to propensity to commercialize were also assessed to understand the reasons that influence academician’s different decisions. This paper found that academicians prone are towards commercialization behavior with low level of importance. This paper will give an insight to the academician’s current preference on less important commercialization behavior and the reason why they refuse to become involved in commercialization behavior with high level of importance.
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The commercialization of university-based research occurs to varying degrees between academic institutions. Previous studies have found that multiple barriers can impede the effectiveness and efficiency by which academic research is commercialized. This case study was designed to better understand the impediments to research commercialization at the University of Kentucky via a survey and interview with three successful academic entrepreneurs. The study also garnered insight from the individuals as to how the commercialization process could be improved. Issues with commercialization infrastructure; a lack of emphasis, at the university level, on the importance of research commercialization; a void in an entrepreneurial culture on campus; inhibitory commercialization policies; and a lack of business and commercialization knowledge among faculty were highlighted as the most significant barriers. The research subjects also suggested that commercialization activity may generally increase if a number of factors were mitigated. Such insight can be communicated to the administrative leadership of the commercialization process at the University of Kentucky. Long term, improving university-based research commercialization will allow academic researchers to be more active and successful entrepreneurs such that intellectual property will progress more freely to the marketplace for the benefit of inventors, universities and society.
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Concentrating PV offers a route to continued reduction in the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaics while simultaneously offering increases in efficiency. In addition to the conventional routes to cost reductions for high concentration PV of increasing efficiency and re-using substrates, we show (1) increased growth rates, which have shown comparable material quality to conventional growth rages enable reduction of growth costs; (2) there is substantial room for cost reductions in the Ge wafers as production volume increases; (3) reductions in wafer and growth costs provide an additional path to lower LCOE through low concentration.
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Commercialization of technology is vital to the survival and success of biotechnology firms, which offer solutions to key environmental concerns, such as air pollution, soil pollution, and climate change. Although a number of technology commercialization models have been proposed, the specific requirements of biotechnology commercialization, which include specialized infrastructure, intense research and development interactions, time-sensitive decision making, and pilot scaling have been addressed in the limited way in the previous literature. In this article, we study the process of technology commercialization through in-depth interviews with managers of biotechnology firms in India and propose a commercialization model that is tailored to biotechnology firms operating in an Indian setting. With the help of a two-tailed multiple case study design, we develop a commercialization model that identifies six new subprocesses and three valleys of death. The model can assist managers and entrepreneurs throughout the commercialization journey by defining objectives, activities, and outcomes of each of the 18 subprocesses of technology commercialization. Biotechnology firms can use this model to minimize errors, reduce time to market, and ensure time-sensitive decision making.
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Commercialization is the period that moves into functional products and production systems over judgments, experimentation, or models that carry the ideal utility, while preparing the item to be quickly produced requiring little to no effort and rapidly dispatched or revised with great planning. Commercialization often entails early description of efficient assembly and graceful chain techniques, concocting methodologies of execution, and upgrading those systems. However, the research commercialization rate among researchers in Malaysia is still at the unsatisfactory level. This study was to investigate the relationship between awareness and environmental factor towards research commercialization A total of 100 university lecturers from public university (IPTA) in Penang who have experienced article publication and commercialization for their research are involved. There was a significant relationship found between awareness and commercialization, the results indicate that as the working environment of lecturers improves, the likelihood of research commercialization will increase. Recommendation and suggestion al given at the end of paper.
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Abstract. The work is based on a literature review in the field of commercialization of scientific research – it presents various definitions of commercialization, the concept of indirect and direct commercialization, as well as ways of financing the commercialization of research results. The aim of the work is to present and learn about various approaches to the concept of commercialization, to show what forms the process of commercialization of research results takes place and how it can be financed. The aim is to identify and analyze the research area, because the work is an introduction to practical research and the creation of a model for the commercialization of scientific research results in the largest research network in Poland, dealing with i.e. providing attractive and competitive technological solutions.
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