Shifts in the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Schistosomiasis: A Case Study in Anhui Province, China
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Background The Chinese national surveillance system showed that the risk of Schistosoma japonicum infection fluctuated temporally. This dynamical change might indicate periodicity of the disease, and its understanding could significantly improve targeted interventions to reduce the burden of schistosomiasis. The goal of this study was to investigate how the schistosomiasis risk varied temporally and spatially in recent years. Methodology/Principal Findings Parasitological data were obtained through repeated cross-sectional surveys that were carried out during 1997-2010 in Anhui Province, East China. A multivariate autoregressive model, combined with principal oscillation pattern (POP) analysis, was used to evaluate the spatio-temporal variation of schistosomiasis risk. Results showed that the temporal changes of schistosomiasis risk in the study area could be decomposed into two sustained damped oscillatory modes with estimated period of approximately 2.5 years. The POPs associated with these oscillatory components showed that the pattern near the Yangtze River varied markedly and that the disease risk appeared to evolve in a Southwest/Northeast orientation. The POP coefficients showed decreasing tendency until 2001, then increasing during 2002-2005 and decaying afterwards. Conclusion The POP analysis characterized the variations of schistosomiasis risk over space and time and demonstrated that the disease mainly varied temporally along the Yangtze River. The schistosomiasis risk declined periodically with a temporal fluctuation. Whether it resulted from previous national control strategies on schistosomiasis needs further investigations.Keywords:
Schistosoma
Schistosomiasis infects 261 million people in 78 countries with 600 million people at risk of infection. Schistosomiasis in Indonesia is due to blood trematode Schistosoma japonicum and Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis snail as intermediate host .Schistosomiasis control is conducted by the management of environment as well as treatment with praziquantel. The long periode and continously drug use may result in drug resistance. Based on these, vaccines against schistosomiasis, as schistosomiasis control strategies in the future, is needed. This review was aimed to describe some of the vaccine candidates against S. japonicum with their level of efficacy, which composed by many schistosomiasis vaccine-related scientific literature. Schistosomiasis vaccine candidate proteins showed varying levels of efficacy and no one has the most potential. Although the development of vaccines against schistosomiasis is quite difficult, the research must still be continued
Oncomelania hupensis
Schistosoma
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Objective To detect TNF α,IL 1β and NO in sera of patients with schistosomiasis japonicum. Methods 20 sera of patients with schistosomiasis japonicum and health volunteers were gathered respectively to detect levels of TNF α,IL 1β and NO by kits respectively. Results TNF α,IL 1β and NO obviouisly increased in sera of patients with schistosomiasis japonicum. Conclusion TNF α,IL 1βand NO may play important roles in killing schistosomula of Schistosoma japonicum and forming egg granulomas.
Schistosoma
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We aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of rSj26-Sj32 in acute schistosomiasis japonicum.ELISA,Dot-ELISA and Dipstick were built by the purified rSj26-Sj32 protein and Schistosoma japonicum adult worm antigen(SjAWA) to detected the IgG levels in sera of patients acute schistosomiasis japonicum,while controls were set with the patients with clonorchiasis sinensis,paragonimiasis westermani,alveolar echinococcosis,cystic echinococcosis,hepatitis B,or lung tuberculosis as well as the health donors.As the results,the sensitivity of rSj26-Sj32-ELISA,rSj26-Sj32-Dot-ELISA and rSj26-Sj32-Dipstick were 90.00%,100.00% and 96.00% in diagnosing acute schistosomiasis japonicum,respectively,while the specificity were 97.67%,95.35% and 97.67% respectively.The rSj26-Sj32 antigen shows high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of acute schistosomiasis japonicum,which might be used as a diagnostic antigen for acute schistosomiasis japonicum.
Clonorchiasis
Paragonimus westermani
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Schistosomiasis is still a public health problem in endemic areas. Schistosomiasis in Indonesia was distributed in Napu, Lindu, and Bada Highlands. Schistosomiasis control was complex because so many aspect were related with schistosoma life cycle. The aim of this experiment was to support the study about schistosoma life cycle and also to provide antigen collection to develop a sero diagnostic kit for schistosomiasis. This experiment was conducted in laboratory using Mus musculus. The animal were infected with serkaria of S. ja[onicum for 3 months and their feces were examined by microscop to detect S. japonicum eggs. All of the experimental animal which infected were positive S. japonicum. 27 pairs of S. japonicum were found in hepatic tissues of the infected animal and formed granuloma in hepatic tissues. Schistosoma japonicum can developed in Mus musculus although it's size became smaller.
Schistosoma
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To observe the effect of magnetic affinity immunoassay(MPAIA) on detecting the serum antibodies of patients with Schistosoma japonicum. this method of assay was used to detect specific serum antibodies of 384 patients with Schistosoma japonicum. It was found that the false positive rate of 384 sera of healthy persons from non-endemic region was 0. And the positive rate of 61 sera from acute schistosomiasis patients,788 sera from chronic schistosomiasis patients and 32 sera from advanced schistosomiasis patients were 100%,94.2% and 90.6%,respectively. The cross reaction rate of sera from patients infected with other parasites(14 patients with paragonimiasis,13 patients with cysticercosis and 9 patients with trichinosis) was 0.The result shows that MPAIA is a sensitive and specific assay to detect serum antibodies from patients with schistosomiasis and MPAIA can be applied to detect the serum antibodies from patients infected with Schistosoma japonicum.
Schistosoma
Trichinosis
Clonorchiasis
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Schistosomiasis,also known as bilharzia, is a zoonosis disease, schistosomiasis in Indonesia is due to blood trematode Schistosoma japonicum and Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis snail as intermediate host, Schistosoma sp is very difficult to remove, because the transmission is strongly influenced by environmental factors, habits, parasites, vectors and hosts. This journal was aimed to describe some of the vaccine candidates against S. japonicum with their level of efficacy. This writing method uses literature search by examining scientific journals related to the development of schistosomiasis vaccine research, especially for S. japonicum. The results of this journal will help the community about the importance of vaccines. Schistosomiasis vaccine candidate proteins showed varying levels of efficacy and no one has the most potential. Although the development of vaccines against schistosomiasis is quite difficult, the research must still be continued.
Oncomelania hupensis
Schistosoma
Parasitic Disease
Zoonosis
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SummaryTwo cases of human schistosomiasis occurring in localities outside the known endemic area of Thailand are presented. Schistosome eggs were found in a subcutaneous nodule over the jaw of a 64-year-old woman from Phitsanuloke, and in the small intestine of an adult male who died at Ubol respectively. On the basis of the shape and microscopic appearance of the eggs, they are probably those of Schistosoma japonicum, although they are smaller than those described previously for this species. There are evidences suggesting the presence of a distinct geographic strain in Thailand. This is believed to be the third reported case of cutaneous or subcutaneous infection with S. japonicum.
Schistosoma
Nodule (geology)
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Schistosomiasis is a serious and widespread parasitic disease caused by infection with Schistosoma . Because the parasite’s eggs are primarily responsible for schistosomiasis dissemination and pathogenesis, inhibiting egg production is a potential approach to control the spread and severity of the disease. The bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins represent promising targets for the development of epigenetic drugs against Schistosoma . JQ-1 is a selective inhibitor of the BET protein family. In the present study, JQ-1 was applied to S . japonicum in vitro. By using laser confocal scanning microscopy and EdU incorporation assays, we showed that application of JQ-1 to worms in vitro affected egg laying and the development of both the male and female reproductive systems. JQ-1 also inhibited the expression of the reproductive-related genes SjPlk1 and SjNanos1 in S . japonicum . Mice infected with S . japonicum were treated with JQ-1 during egg granuloma formation. JQ-1 treatment significantly reduced the size of the liver granulomas and levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in mice and suppressed both egg laying and the development of male and female S . japonicum reproductive systems in vivo. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of some proinflammatory cytokines were decreased in the parasites. Our findings suggest that JQ-1 treatment attenuates S . japonicum egg–induced hepatic granuloma due at least in part to suppressing the development of the reproductive system and egg production of S . japonicum . These findings further suggest that JQ-1 or other BET inhibitors warrant additional study as a new approach for the treatment or prevention of schistosomiasis.
Schistosoma
SCHISTOSOMIASIS JAPONICA
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Schistosoma
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SCHISTOSOMIASIS JAPONICA
Schistosoma
Medical microbiology
Liver function
Hepatic fibrosis
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