The Behaviour of Dyes in Aqueous Solutions Part II – Anionic Dye–Nonionic Surfactant Interactions
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A spectrophotometric method has been used to study the interactions of some monoazo anionic dyes with a series of nonionic surfactants of different ethylene oxide chain length. The interaction between the dyes and the surfactants has been shown to be hydrophobic in nature with the extent of interaction increasing with increasing hydrophobicity of alky I side–chains on the dyes.Keywords:
Nonionic surfactant
Hydrophobic effect
Side chain
Abstract The highest effectiveness of detergency for nonionic surfactants is observed in the proximity of the cloud point. This phenomenon is primarily influenced by surfactant molecular structure, such as carbon chain length and type of the hydrophilic components. Target of this investigation is to identify a relationship between the cloud point and the structure of nonionic surfactants based on ethoxylated (C n E m ), ethoxylated‐propoxylated (C n E m P p ) and propoxylated‐ethoxylated (C n P p E m ) fatty alcohols. Three hundred and fifty nonionic surfactants have been prepared for this purpose. These surfactants differ in the C‐chain lengths, C 4 /C 6 to C 20 /C 22 , and the amount of ethylene oxide (EO range [n] 2–22 ethoxylation) and propylene oxide (PO range [p] 0–12 propoxylation) moieties. Mapping the differences in the performance allows us to propose a high‐accuracy topological model describing the structure influence on the cloud point.
Cloud point
Nonionic surfactant
Propylene oxide
Carbon chain
Carbon number
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The investigation of mixed surfactants system, mixture of anionic with nonionic surfactants and single surfactants systems, mixture of anionic or nonionic surfactant was investigated using UV/VIS Spectrophotometer to determine the critical micelle concentration, cmc. Mixed surfactants systems studied were mixture of SDS-Triton X-100 and SDS-Brij 35 surfactant solution. While single surfactant systems were SDS, Triton X-100 and Brij 35 surfactant solutions. The determination of cmc that gave aggregations of pyrene between surfactants was characterized. Above cmc, pyrene concentration increased linearly with total surfactant concentration for both mixed and single surfactants system. Mixed surfactant system gave higher cmc than pure surfactant system. The cmc for pure surfactants system gave the following order SDS> Triton X-100 > Brij 35.
Nonionic surfactant
Triton X-100
Thermodynamics of micellization
Aggregation number
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Nonionic surfactant
Polysorbate
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Abstract Foam and surface tension behaviors of different ionic/nonionic surfactant solutions along with their different combinations have been investigated. Among different surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate showed the highest foamability over other surfactants. Mixed surfactant systems were always found to have higher foamability than the individual surfactant. It was also noticeable that nonionic surfactants show good foamability when they combine with anionic and cationic surfactants. In the case of mixed surfactant systems, nonionic/cationic surfactant mixtures showed lower surface tension than nonionic/anionic surfactant mixture due to a synergistic effect.
Cationic polymerization
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Nonionic surfactant
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Recent development of nonionic surfactant was discussed. The nonionic surfactant can be divided into the following categories in accordance to their chemical structure, namely polyamide surfactant, polyethylene glycol surfactant,fluorine-carbon surfactant and other surfactant. Their synthesis and characterizations were also introduced, which showed the connection between their structure and properties.
Nonionic surfactant
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In this article,we study the influence of ST and IT, by different proportion surfactant mixed systems,which are composed of anionic surfactant AES with nonionic surfactant OP-10 or TX.The result indicate,when the mixed proportions of the AES and OP-10 system and the AES and TX system are 8:2and 6:4,the synergism are the best,and the ST and IT can reduce to the minimμm levers.Compare the two system,the AES and TX system have the lower ST and IT than the AES and OP-10 system.
Nonionic surfactant
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Base (topology)
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The uptake of glyphosate into wheat and two grass species in the presence of surfactants varied with surfactant structure, ethylene oxide (EO) content and concentration. A synergistic uptake enhancement into wheat and barnyard grass was observed when an aliphatic amine surfactant was mixed with either an alcohol or octylphenol nonionic surfactant with different EO content, at equivalent concentration. The effect of an amine+alcohol surfactant mixture on glyphosate uptake into wheat and ryegrass was compared with commercial glyphosate formulations.
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Nonionic surfactant
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Behavior of surfactant mixtures at solid-liquid interfaces was investigated using anionic-nonionic and catjonic-nonionic surfactants of different structures. The results show that adsorption of nonionic surfactants on alumina was enhanced significantly by the coadsorption of ionic surfactants. The adsorption beha vior of these binary surfactant mixtures was dependent upon the ratio of the two surfactants in the mixture. With an increase in the ionic surfactant content, the adsorption of nonionicsurfactant increased and the isothenn shifted to lower surfactant concentrations. Synergism and competition between the ionic and nonionic surfactants were observed in different concentration ranges at different mi~ing ratios.
Nonionic surfactant
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