Competitive survival/proliferation of normal and Ph1‐positive haemopoietic cells
Francesco FrassoniMario RepettoMarina PodestàGiovanna PiaggioM. R. RaffoMario SessaregoAndrea BacigalupoAlberto M. Marmont
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S ummary Bone marrow (BM) cells from 10 patients with Ph 1 ‐positive chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) were placed in long‐term cultures in the presence of fetal calf serum (FCS) and horse serum (HoS), or in the presence of human AB serum. The long‐term cultures were started with three different cell combinations: (1) CGL BM cells (four cases), (2) CGL BM cells + normal BM cells (1:1 ratio) from an HLA identical sex‐matched sibling (five cases), (3) CGL BM cells + normal BM cells (1:1 ratio) from an HLA identical sex mismatched sibling (five cases). Cytogenetic studies were performed at weeks 0, 3, 4 and 5 of culture. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: (a) Ph 1 ‐positive cells could be detected at any time of culture in all three of the described cell combinations; (b) a population of Ph 1 ‐negative cells of patient origin could be detected after 3–5 weeks of culture; (c) there was a trend for a better survival of Ph 1 ‐negative cells in cultures supplemented with FCS + HoS and, conversely, of Ph 1 ‐positive cells in cultures containing human serum. These results warrant further studies on the possibility of manipulating survival and proliferation of normal and leukaemic cells by varying the culture conditions.Objective To measure fatal liver length in different stages of pregnancy by B-mode ultrasonography and to primarily evaluate predicting value of fetal liver length for growth restricted fetus.Methods The length of right lobe of fetal liver was measured by means of ultrasound at 18~42 weeks of gestational age among 1106 normal fetuses and 64 growth restricted fetuses before and after treatment.Results ① The longitudinal length of liver of normal fetuses was closely correlated with gestational age of the fetus.Fetal liver length increased at 1.01mm per week before 28 weeks of gestational age and at 1.66 mm per week after 28 weeks of gestational age,and there was significant difference(P0.05);②Before and after treatment,the length of liver length of growth restricted fetuses increased at 1.21mm and 1.52 mm per week,respectively;③ Before parturition,the liver longitudinal length of the fetus was associated closely with his/her birth weight(r=0.93, P0.05).The sensitivity of ultrasonographic measurement of fetal longitudinal liver length for prediction of birth weight of normal fetuses was 88% and 87% for diagnosis of fetal growth restriction.The specificity were 89% and 91%,respectively.Conclusion Changes in measurement of fetal longitudinal liver length can reflect the growth status of fetus.So,dynamic measurement of fetal longitudinal liver length can accurately evaluate intrauterine growth of the fetus.
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A case of fetus papyraceous (Fetus Compressus) found at delivery or Earlier by ultrasound examination of fetus describing dead fetus which is flattened, mummified and compressed between membranes of living fetus and uterine wall. It may occur in both varieties of twins, but more common in monozygotic twins.1 This is the state which occurs if one of fetuses dies early. Fetus Papyraceous is a rare condition an associated with obstetric complications. Searching for a Fetus Papyraceous should be a routine part of placental examination. Keywords: Fetus Papyraceous, Fetus Compressus, Multiple Pregnancy, Intrauterine Death.
Fetal movement
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The switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin (Hb) has been investigated in fetal and newborn lambs. In the period between 125 and 145 days gestation, the proportion of fetal cells containing adult Hb increased significantly in catheterized fetuses. This increase paralleled the rise in fetal plasma cortisol under several different experimental conditions. However, infusion of synthetic adrenocorticotropin (ACTH<sub>1–24</sub>) into the fetus, which increased fetal plasma cortisol concentrations to levels slightly higher than observed at term, did not bring about any increase in the proportion of cells containing adult Hb. Increasing fetal plasma prolactin (PRL) concentration either by infusion of PRL or by stimulating endogenous PRL release with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) did not influence the time or rate of the switch. The fetal reticulocyte count was significantly higher in blood samples taken at the time of catheterization in fetuses of 103–115 days gestation than at 116–128 days gestation. In one repeatedly sampled fetus of adult type Hb AB, Hb C was observed at the time when the fetus was anemic. At birth the number of cells containing adult Hb was significantly higher in catheterized lambs than in nonoperated controls.
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Fetus papyraceus is a rare condition of a mummified and compressed fetus occurring in multiple gestations where one fetus dies in utero and is merged between the uterine wall and the membranes of living fetus. The blood vessels of the placenta of the two fetuses anastomose with each other, a third cycle occurs, causing fetal death (fetal transfer syndrome). Ultrasonography may identify the Fetus papyraceus, but is not always promising due to anatomical location. Cautious supervision is important during pregnancy for its positive outcome. We report a case of fetus papyraceus in Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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Plasma renin activity
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The ontogeny of hepatic metallothioneins (Mt) in fetal tissue as related to dietary and hepatic Zn was investigated. Sixty 6-month-old female rats were divided into two groups and given either double-distilled water or water containing 700 mug of Zn per milliliter. Dams from each group were killed on 16, 19, or 21 days of gestation, and maternal and fetal livers were removed. Mt content of the tissue was estimated by Piotrowski's Hg-saturation method. Results established the presence of an endogenous hepatic Mt in the fetal rat as early as 16 days of gestation. We further demonstrated a marked progressive increase in fetal Mt from Day 16 through gestation accompanied by a decrease in maternal hepatic Mt. It is suggested that Zn increased fetal Mt by inducing fetal synthesis, redistributing fetal Mt, or increasing Mt transport to the fetus, because both fetal and maternal hepatic Mt were increased. Fetal hepatic Mt concentration was several times greater than maternal Mt at corresponding stages of gestation. Mt may serve to either ensure adequate storage of Zn or Cu for fetal development or protect the fetus against metal toxicity, but the significance of these high endogenous levels of fetal Mt are not clear at this time.
Metallothionein
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Fetal circulation
Fetal membrane
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A 12-year-old Arabian mare with a history of repeated early embryonic losses gave birth to a mummified fetus. The fetus was not the result of a pregnancy with twins. The mare had been given a progestogen throughout gestation and expelled the mummified fetus at about 325 days of gestation, 2 weeks after progestogen treatment was discontinued. We estimate that the size of the fetus was consistent with a fetal age of 5 months. The mare and mummified fetus illustrated that progestogen administration after 100 days of gestation can promote retention of a nonviable fetus. When the fetoplacental unit is incapable of producing progestogens in adequate amounts for pregnancy maintenance at that stage of gestation, then it is also unlikely to provide sufficient oxygen and nutrients to meet the needs of the growing fetus. Monitoring fetal viability would enable practitioners to prevent prolonged retention of a nonviable fetus.
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In order to reveal the mechanism of the transplacental transfer of lead from mothers to fetus, tissues lead content of fetal rat at different days of pregnancy were determined and compared. Lead was administered to four groups of 4 week-old female Wistar rats for 50 days. The doses of lead were 0, 10, 50 and 200 mg/L in drinking water respectively. Rats were mated with non-lead-treated male rats. The pregnant rats in each group were then divided into four sub-groups by random. The pregnant rats in four sub-group of each group were sacrificed in turn at 10, 14, 17 and 20 days of gestation (dg). Blood lead of pregnant rats, lead burden of whole fetus, lead concentration of fetal brain, fetal liver and placenta were determined. Results indicated that lead concentration in fetal brain kept unchanged during the period of gestation, but lead content in whole fetus and fetal brain were increased with the days of gestation. But the lead concentration in fetus at 10 dg was higher than that at 14 dg. It seemed that higher lead absorption by the fetus was related to the newly emerged lead bonding-site in fetus, especially during the calcification of bones.
Transplacental
Lead (geology)
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The rat fetus (day 21 of pregnancy) covers its fatty acid (FA) demands at equal amounts both by maternal-fetal FA transfer and fetal FA synthesis. At the end of the first trimester the human fetal FA synthesis is too small to cover the fetal FA requirements. Therefore, the transfer of FA from the mother to the fetus seems to be the predominant source of fetal FA. The FA oxidation is greater than the FA synthesis in human and rat placenta as well as in the human fetus at the end of the first trimester, whereas the rat fetus (day 21 of pregnancy) oxidizes and synthesizes FA at equal amounts.
Fetal circulation
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