Overall and Meal-Specific Macronutrient Intake in Belgian Primary School Children
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In the fall of 1991 dietary intake of 1,321 primary school children aged 6-12 years was studied in 79 schools in an area called 'South Campine' in Flanders – the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium. Assessment of dietary intake was done using the '24-hour estimated food record method'. The energy distribution over the macronutrients showed no significant difference between boys and girls. On average 37.2% (SD 7.88%) of energy came from total fat and 15.4% (SD 3.70%) from saturated fatty acids; 49.0% (SD 7.87%) from total carbohydrates with 21.8% (SD 5.84%) from complex carbohydrates and 27.7% (SD 7.79%) from free sugars. Snacks accounted for on average 19.5% (SD 10.83%) of total energy intake; on average 55.7% (SD 21.22%) of the energy in these snacks was represented by free sugars. Lunch and dinner had very high fat contents (around 40% of energy). Already at this young age, the dietary pattern is deviating strongly from the recommended population nutrient goals.Keywords:
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There has been dramatic weight gain among college students during their collegiate years. A food diary can give much insight of a college student’s life. The purpose of this study is to analyze the food intake of college-aged students taking in factors such as the size of meal, the foods being eaten, the location of the meal, and if the meal was eaten with others. The results of this study suggest that being male, eating breakfast, and eating more snacks relative to the number meals increases daily caloric intake. On the other hand, being female and eating more meals at home will result in a lower daily caloric intake.
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Summary • The aim of this study was to compare energy intake estimated from a clinical food record protocol (CFRP) with that from a precoded food record book (PFRB) as reference method. • Food and fluid consumption were recorded in 10 older patients using a CFRP in parallel with a PFRB during a 6‐day period. • The results showed that there were no significant differences in mean energy intake estimated from the CFRP as compared with that estimated from the PFRB. The correlation coefficient between the calculated daily energy intake from the CFRP and PFRB was 0.96. • The differences in energy intake (kcal/day) between the CFRP and PFRB, plotted against their mean value for 10 patients, showed that results were within the limits of agreement (mean ± 2SD) for nine patients. The differences in each day's energy intake between the two methods plotted against their mean value showed that 97% of the estimated daily energy intake was within the limits of agreement. The weighted kappa between the two methods was 0.76. • The CFRP would seem to be acceptable for the estimation of mean energy intake in the hospital setting.
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Summary: Behaviorally, meals are defined as periods of intense feeding and drinking separated by periods of activity, grooming, and rest. A “meal” is the primary data unit for characterizing food intake behavior. Changes in the patterning of meals (number, size or duration) may affect food intake and energy balance indirectly. "Meal", in our SOP, is defined by a minimum food intake of 0.02g and at least 10 min between food bout events. Detailed analysis of food intake behavior includes an assessment of average meal duration, average meal size, number of meals, average inter-meal interval (IMI), as well as calculation of satiety ratio. In addition, the diurnal (light cycle/dark cycle) patterns of food intake behavior are also calculated to examine temporal shifts in feeding behavior. Meal pattern and food intake behavior is measured in the Columbus Instruments Oxymax system within a temperature and light controlled cabinet. Animals are acclimated to the facility for at least 1 week. Animals are then acclimated to the CLAMS cages and powdered diet for 48 hours and to the light and temperature-controlled chamber for 24 hours prior to testing. Analyzed data constitutes data collected from 48 hours of continuous measurement (2 light/2 dark cycles).
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This chapter describes the techniques for measuring the patterns of meals and the characteristics of such meals. It reviews data on a number of hypothalamic peptides that have been demonstrated to affect food intake and identifies the ways in which they affect meal patterns. To study how meals are taken, or meal pattern analysis, requires continuous monitoring of the intake of food. One common technique is to deliver pellets of food via a dispenser. Other ways to continuously monitor food intake are to present the food source on a strain gauge or a weighing scale. Administration of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) of rats results in an increased dietary intake of carbohydrates. Meal pattern analyses show that this increase is via an increased meal size and duration without changes in the number of meals or the rate of feeding.
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