ERP study of the “problem size effect” in arithmetic facts: A comparison between children and adults
Belén Prieto‐CoronaMario Rodríguez-CamachoJuan Silva‐PereyraThalı́a FernándezE. MarosiJuan Pablo BernalTami YañezVicente GuerreroMiguel A. Hernández‐Hernández
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Motor Imagery
Modality (human–computer interaction)
Parietal lobe
Supplementary motor area
Motor Imagery
Supplementary motor area
Premotor cortex
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Imagery training with adult athletes is widely used to improve performance. One underlying mechanism is the optimization of mental movement representations. However, past research has focused mainly on adults and has left open for further research on whether imagery also improves mental representati
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Representation
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Abstract Evidence has shown that imagining a complex action, like backward-walking, helps improve the execution of the gesture. Despite this, studies in sport psychology have provided heterogeneous results on the use of motor imagery (MI) to improve performance. We aimed to fill this gap by analyzing how sport experience influences backward-walking MI processes in a sample of young women ( n = 41, mean age = 21 ± 2.2) divided into Active and Sedentary. All participants were allocated to two randomized mental chronometric tasks, in which they had first to imagine and then execute forward-walking (FW) and backward-walking (BW). The Isochrony Efficiency measured the difference between imagination and execution times in both conditions (FW and BW). Moreover, we analyzed the ability to vividly imagine FW and BW within various perspectives in both groups through the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ-2). Findings showed that active individuals performed better in the BW imagery task when compared to sedentary ones ( F 1,39 = 4.98; p = 0.03*), while there were no differences between groups in the FW imagery task ( F 1,39 = .10; p = 0.75). Further, VMIQ-2 had evidenced that the ability to imagine backward is influenced by perspective used. Specifically, the use of internal visual imagery (IVI) led to worse Isochrony Efficiency ( t 32,25 = 2.16; p = 0.04*), while the use of kinesthetic imagery (KIN) led to better Isochrony Efficiency ( t 32,25 = − 2.34; p = 0.03*). These results suggest a close relation between motor experience and complex motor imagery processes and open new insights for studying these mental processes.
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Kinesthetic learning
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Chronometric and imaging studies have shown that motor imagery is used implicitly during mental rotation tasks in which subjects for example judge the laterality of human hand pictures at various orientations. Since explicit motor imagery is known to activate the sensorimotor areas of the cortex, mental rotation is expected to do similar if it involves a form of motor imagery. So far, functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography have been used to study mental rotation and less attention has been paid to electroencephalogram (EEG) which offers a high time-frequency resolution. The time-frequency analysis is an established method for studying explicit motor imagery. Although hand mental rotation is claimed to involve motor imagery, the time-frequency characteristics of mental rotation have never been compared with those of explicit motor imagery. In this study, time-frequency responses of EEG recorded during explicit motor imagery and during a mental rotation task, inducing implicit motor imagery, were compared. Fifteen right-handed healthy volunteers performed motor imagery of hands in one condition and hand laterality judgement tasks in another while EEG of the whole head was recorded. The hand laterality judgement was the mental rotation task used to induce implicit motor imagery. The time-frequency analysis and sLORETA localisation of the EEG showed that the activities in the sensorimotor areas had similar spatial and time-frequency characteristics in explicit motor imagery and implicit motor imagery conditions. Furthermore this sensorimotor activity was different for the left and for the right hand in both explicit and implicit motor imagery. This result supports that motor imagery is used during mental rotation and that it can be detected and studied with EEG technology. This result should encourage the use of mental rotation of body parts in rehabilitation programmes in a similar manner as motor imagery.
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Mental Rotation
Auditory imagery
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Abstract Mental imagery is a form of perceptual representation: the first stop in perceptual processing that is not triggered directly by sensory input. Motor imagery is not perceptual representation. It is motor representation. It is the last stop in motor processing that does not directly trigger bodily action. The relation between motor imagery and mental imagery is examined as well as the role played by motor imagery in action execution.
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Representation
Auditory imagery
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Parietal lobe
Stimulus (psychology)
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This study examined the relation between control of motor imagery and generation and transformation of visual imagery by testing 54 subjects. We used two measures of the Controllability of Motor Imagery test to evaluate the ability to control motor imagery. One was a recognition test on which the subject imagines as if one sees another's movement, and the other was a regeneration test on which one imagines as if one moves one's own body. The former test score was related to processing time of a mental rotation task and the latter one was not but would reflect sport experience. It was concluded that two meanings of the test could reflect different aspects such as observational motor imagery and body-centered motor imagery.
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Mental Rotation
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The role of mental practice in motor skill learning is briefly reviewed, and the relationship between mental practice and imagery discussed. A case is made for the importance of considering individual differences for imagery in motor studies investigating mental practice. Studies that have examined imagery ability in the motor domain are outlined, and the reasons are addressed why a consistent relationship between imagery ability and motor performance has failed to emerge. Finally, an approach for investigating imagery ability is suggested. This approach concentrates on the inclusion and interaction of three imagery related variables: the measurement of imagery ability, the task to be performed, and the imagery instructions that are given to the subjects.
Motor Imagery
Creative visualization
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Abstract The parietal cortex is divided into two major functional regions: the anterior parietal cortex that includes primary somatosensory cortex, and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) that includes the rest of the parietal lobe. The PPC contains multiple representations of space. In Dijkerman & de Haan's (D&dH's) model, higher spatial representations are separate from PPC functions. This model should be developed further so that the functions of the somatosensory system are integrated with specific functions within the PPC and higher spatial representations. Through this further specification of the model, one can make better predictions regarding functional interactions between somatosensory and visual systems.
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