Bhutan: A Physical and Cultural Geography
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Assuming tourism as a place oriented activity, where tourism flows often cross regional borders, local and global indicators of spatial autocorrelation can be useful tools to identify and explain different patterns of regional tourism dynamics and their determinants. These techniques recently became widely used in applied economic studies, as a result of their useful insights to understand spatial phenomena and benefiting from the existence of georeferenced data and adequate software tools. This tendency is also observed in the tourism sector in the last few years, although the application of these methodologies is still scarce in tourism studies. In this work, these methodologies are applied to the case of the Japanese Prefectures, leading to the identification of different patterns of spatial heterogeneity and agglomeration processes related to regional tourism dynamics in Japan, with a view on policy and managerial recommendations. The results clearly reveal the existence of such spatial effects, reflecting the importance of central areas of Japan in terms of tourism performance. It was also possible to observe that regions where tourism plays a more prominent role in terms of its importance within regional employment do not present a relatively high performance in terms of economic growth.
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Purpose Advanced Placement Human Geography continues to grow in popularity at the secondary level, but not without its supporters and critics. The purpose of this paper is to examine one critique, the lack of critical geography and then give two examples how teachers could incorporate it using inquiry. Design/methodology/approach Critical geography examines the praxis between space, place and identity, exposing power imbalances constructed within space and place. Critical geographers also consider how to transform space and place to be more equitable. This paper provides two examples of how critical geography can be infused into content covered in AP Human Geography using the C3 Framework and the Inquiry Design Model. By infusing critical geographic perspectives into AP Human Geography students practice asking questions about inequities in space and place with an opportunity to become agents of transformation. Findings There is a gap in AP Human Geography when it comes to incorporating critical geography. This paper looks to redress that by providing two examples on how critical geography could be used in an AP Human Geography curriculum. Originality/value This collection of two inquiries is given as ways that AP Human Geography instructors could incorporate critical geography into their classrooms.
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One of the significances of cultural geography in geography is providing academic nutrition or analysis method for other sub-disciplines.Based on many articles of place study in Anglo-American journals,this article finds out place is one of core concepts of cultural geography.In the late of 1970s,humanistic geographers,such as Yi-Fu Tuan and E.Relph,introduced the concept of place into cultural geography.Place is an opposite concept to space.A space being given with meanings becomes a place.During 1980s-1990's,place is one of the core themes presented in the journals of human geography.Placeness is the summation of distinctive characteristics in a place.One of main tasks of cultural geography is finding placeness of a place.When cultural geography intersects other branches of human geography,the concept of place can provide analysis way for other branches of human geography.This article points out place study can provide academic support for other branches of human geography in some fields.Firstly,the study of place can support for the research of economic geography that coincident with cultural turn or institutional turn from the late of 1990s.Cultural and institutional factors must be concerned in the analysis of economic activities' spatial process.Different places affect economic activities in different ways.Therefore,place research in cultural geography can give a support to it.Secondly,place study can support the place marketing in regional geography,urban geography and tourism geography.Under the context of economic globalization,all places needs to attract capitals,tourists with unique characteristics.The main aim of place marketing is finding out placeness and building a new image for place.So place marketing is more rely on place study.Thirdly,place study can support for public participation in urban planning or urban geography.Urban planners can understand the attitude of local people in each community with the placness of place study.Fourthly,place study can improve the election strategy in political geography.Political candidates with deep understanding of every election region can match the demands of voters in each election region.
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On a regional scale, two types of polycentricity can be observed. The first involves polycentric metropolitan regions that have evolved in the course of post-suburban development around a previously monocentric city, whereas the second type involves neighbouring metropolises evolving into a multi-core polycentric metropolitan region due to an increase in the functional interaction between each other. The German urban system is characterised by both types of polycentricity. In this paper I examine the role of these two types of polycentricity within the context of globalisation. I address the question of whether individual metropolitan cores and metropolitan cores and their associated post-suburban areas share the global functions of a metropolitan region or whether such functions are concentrated in a single city within the metropolitan region. To this end, I analyse the locations of leading global advanced producer service firms in Germany in their role as sub-nodes of the world city network. Finally, I discuss the empirical findings in the context of modelling the world city network.
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China's reforms as well as entering the WTO need human geographers to move forward to cope with challenges from globalization and develop new theories and approaches of human geography that accord with national condition of China as well as the international research mainstream. This paper discusses the subject nature of human geography from the analysis of its development and points out that human geography is a branch subject of geography that has always rooted in the physical geography and various thoughts from other sciences have brought new growth points to human geography. The basic theories of contemporary human geography refer to space, globalization, urbanization, population, migration, culture, landscape, development, geopolitics etc. Its main contents include the relation between globalization and regional differences, the relation between human and environment, the political and economic evolution of different-scale space and the social-cultural features of factors relating to nationality, race, gender, age, class and their effects on spatial development. This paper summarizes the main research contents of several human geography's branch subjects, including economic geography, urban geography, tourist geography, political geography, population geography, social geography, cultural geography, behavioral geography, regional geography and applied geography. Besides, some research approaches such as positivistic approach, empirical approach, behaviorist approach, pragmatist approach, postmodernist approach, poststructuralist approach, feminist approach etc, are also analyzed. Thus, from the aspects of research contents and approaches, new trends of progress in contemporary human geography are discussed.
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Over the past 60 years, urbanisation and cities have fundamentally transformed the social, economic and political geography of West Africa. The number of people living in cities increased from 5 million in 1950 to 133 million in 2010. During the same period, the number of towns and cities with more than 10 000 inhabitants grew from 159 to close to 2 000. A large majority of these agglomerations are secondary cities and small towns that act as hubs and catalysts for local and regional production and supply chains, as well as for the transfer of goods, people and information, linking the local and regional economies to the global economy. The intensity of the spatial interactions of cities has strongly increased with population growth, urbanisation and higher urban density. This paper, part of ongoing work within the Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat to integrate urbanisation and city growth into analyses of major trends in the region, lays the foundation for the development of a systematic method to capture and describe these spatial interactions. It does so by examining four variables: city size, market potential, urbanisation level and local dominance. These variables, in turn, help to define seven different city groups that can be used to classify West African agglomerations. The initial results of this work reveal the diversity and distinctive behaviours of cities in the region, providing a new perspective on urbanisation dynamics and the influence of spatial variables on urban growth rates, the emergence of new agglomerations and the clustering of cities.
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This paper develops multiple indicators to map the geographical distribution of knowledge and scientific and technological capabilities as proxies of the geographical distribution of Science, Technology & Innovation activities, and applies such indicators to data and information from the state of SA£o Paulo, Brazil. The overall view of the geographical distribution of S,T&I activities in the state is complemented by the analysis of the same activities in the perspective of a local production and innovation system: the case of information and communication technologies in the micro-region of Campinas. The results show a pattern for the regional distributions of S,T&I activities along the main highways of the state, around metropolitan areas such as SA£o Paulo and Campinas, and in regions where educational, science and technology, and R&D institutions are strongly concentrated. Firms tend to agglomerate in these areas and regions, forming local production and innovation systems. The paper produces evidence on the adherence of the geographical distribution of those systems to the geographical distribution of S,T&I activities as shown by the indicators. This confirms the empirical findings of the literature about the relationship between geography and innovation.
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