Active specific immunotherapy and immunochemotherapy in the treatment of lung and colon cancer
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Abstract In this seminar, we describe 1) the immunogen TAA used for lung cancer immunotherapy and the immunogen TAA used for colon cancer immunotherapy, 2) the methods used in the administration of these immunogens in clinical trials of specific active TAA immunotherapy, 3) the results of clinical trials of specific active immunotherapy for lung cancer and for colon cancer patients, 4) the results of immune response monitoring evaluations, and what they indicate, and 5) the way in which certain drugs, selected for their action in the immune system, may be synergistic with specific active TAA immunotherapy, in combination therapy, especially for resected patients of later stages.Keywords:
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Cancer Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy has recently become a promising strategy for the treatment of a wide range of cancers. However, the broad implementation of cancer immunotherapy suffers from inadequate efficacy and toxic side effects. Integrating pH-responsive nanoparticles into immunotherapy is a powerful approach to tackle these challenges because they are able to target the tumor tissues and organelles of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) which have a characteristic acidic microenvironment. The spatiotemporal control of immunotherapeutic drugs using pH-responsive nanoparticles endows cancer immunotherapy with enhanced antitumor immunity and reduced off-tumor immunity. In this review, we first discuss the cancer-immunity circle and how nanoparticles can modulate the key steps in this circle. Then, we highlight the recent advances in cancer immunotherapy with pH-responsive nanoparticles and discuss the perspective for this emerging area.
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Dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy has been used to treat various types of tumors. Although it is already in use in clinical practice, the mechanisms through which it acts need clarification. In addition, the processes used to obtain DCs need to be improved so that more effective treatments can be offered. In this article, we present an update on the application of DC immunotherapy and the patents involved in the process. Keywords: Cancer, dendritic cells, immunotherapy, neoplasia, new aspects, patents in immunotherapy, tumor.
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Immunotherapy aiming at suppressing tumor development by relying on modifying or strengthening the immune system prevails among cancer treatments and points out a new direction for cancer therapy. B7 homolog 3 protein (B7-H3, also known as CD276), a newly identified immunoregulatory protein member of the B7 family, is an attractive and promising target for cancer immunotherapy because it is overexpressed in tumor tissues while showing limited expression in normal tissues and participating in tumor microenvironment (TME) shaping and development. Thus far, numerous B7-H3-based immunotherapy strategies have demonstrated potent antitumor activity and acceptable safety profiles in preclinical models. Herein, we present the expression and biological function of B7-H3 in distinct cancer and normal cells, as well as B7-H3-mediated signal pathways in cancer cells and B7-H3-based tumor immunotherapy strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview that encompasses B7-H3’s role in TME to its potential as a target in cancer immunotherapy.
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The idea of exploiting the immune system to treat tumors (cancer immunotherapy) is at least a century old. Immunotherapy is generally classified into two functional approaches: Passive immunotherapy administers preformed elements of the immune system (tumor-reactive antibodies, antitumor cytokines, or tumoricidal effector cells) to patients with the intent that these agents will directly attack the cancer cells. Active immunotherapy (including tumor vaccines and immunostimulatory cytokines) is intended to stimulate the patients' immune system to generate effective antitumor immunity. Both passive and active immunotherapies are integral parts of modern medical practice for problems as diverse as the treatment of snakebites and the prevention of infectious diseases. Yet, for cancer, the role of the immune system and immunotherapy has been a topic of spirited debate for the last 50 years (1). Major points of contention have been whether tumor cells are immunogenic in their host of origin and whether the immune system is capable of controlling or eradicating malignant cells.
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Abstract Background Recently, cancer immunotherapy has become standard for cancer treatment. Immunotherapy not only treats primary tumors, but also prevents metastasis and recurrence, representing a major advantage over conventional cancer treatments. However, existing cancer immunotherapies have limited clinical benefits because cancer antigens are often not effectively delivered to immune cells. Furthermore, unlike lymphoma, solid tumors evade anti-cancer immunity by forming an immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). One approach for overcoming these limitations of cancer immunotherapy involves nanoparticles based on biomaterials. Main body Here, we review in detail recent trends in the use of nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy. First, to illustrate the unmet needs for nanoparticles in this field, we describe the mechanisms underlying cancer immunotherapy. We then explain the role of nanoparticles in the delivery of cancer antigens and adjuvants. Next, we discuss how nanoparticles can be helpful within the immune-suppressive TME. Finally, we summarize current and future uses of nanoparticles with image-guided interventional techniques in cancer immunotherapy. Conclusion Recently developed approaches for using nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy have enormous potential for improving cancer treatment. Cancer immunotherapy based on nanoparticles is anticipated not only to overcome the limitations of existing immunotherapy, but also to generate synergistic effects via cooperation between nanoparticles and immune cells.
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Recently, the nanotechnology-based bacterial immunotherapy emerged as a new combinatory therapeutic approach for the effective treatment of cancer, which combines the bacterial immunotherapy with nanotechnology for treating cancer. Although both bacterial immunotherapy and nanotechnology are very effective and advantageous solely, single treatment system is insufficient for complete eradication of cancer. Combining nanotechnology with bacterial immunotherapy opens new avenues for treating various diseases, abates the complication of bacterial immunotherapy, and overcomes the deficiency of both systems. Nanotechnology is helpful in targeting deep into the cancer cell due to its small size, enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, and immunomodulatory activity. It also plays an important role in thermal and radio immunotherapy and cancer diagnostic. In this chapter, we highlighted the role of immunity in cancer and the role of bacteria in cancerogenesis, how bacterial immunotherapy is used in combating cancer, and how nanotechnology-based bacterial immunotherapy works on cancer regression.
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The primary goal of cancer vaccines is to activate the immune system to eliminate tumor cells without affecting normal tissues. There are two major approaches to cancer immunotherapy: active immunotherapy and passive immunotherapy (Fig. 1). Active immunotherapy involves the delivery of a substance designed to elicit an immune reaction. The host's immune system must first recognize and then respond to the target. Passive immunotherapy involves the delivery of a substance with intrinsic immunological activity such as an antibody or activated lymphocytes. This chapter focuses on the former approach.
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In the last few decades, cancer immunotherapy becomes an important tactic for cancer treatment. However, some immunotherapy shows certain limitations including poor therapeutic targeting and unwanted side effects that hinder its use in clinics. Recently, several researchers are exploring an alternative methodology to overcome the above limitations. One of the emerging tracks in this field area is nano-immunotherapy which has gone through rapid progress and revealed considerable potentials to solve limitations related to immunotherapy. Targeted and stimuli-sensitive biocompatible nanoparticles (NPs) can be synthesized to deliver immunotherapeutic agents in their native conformations to the site of interest to enhance their antitumor activity and to enhance the survival rate of cancer patients. In this review, we have discussed cancer immunotherapy and the application of NPs in cancer immunotherapy, as a carrier of immunotherapeutic agents and as a direct immunomodulator.
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Abstract Conflicts amongst reports concerning the efficacy of both nonspecific and specific attempts at immunotherapy may be ascribed to different animal models utilizing tumors of different immunogenicity. We have selected the B16 mouse melanoma model as the example of a spontaneously occurring neoplasm that is histocompatible with the host and does have tumor‐associated antigens. Attempts to alter tumor growth or survival with nonspecific active immunotherapy as well as with specific active immunotherapy were not successful. Nonspecific active pre‐immunization failed to alter tumor take or growth. Specific active immunotherapy both with and without adjuvant did decrease tumor take and prolong host survival. The effects were increasingly documented at lower tumor cell inoculums and became less apparent with increase in the tumor cell challenge.
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