Metabolic Reprogramming by a Mitochondria-Targeted Electrophile in Breast Cancer Cells
Matthew Ryan SmithFen ZhouPraveen Vayalil KumarReena R. BeggsSadanandan E. VeluAimee LandarMichael P. Murphy
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Quaternary kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS) particles were successfully synthesized by a facile solvothermal method in ethylene glycol with the presence of different ratio of surfactant,using CuCl2·2H2O、Zn(Ac)2·2H2O and SnCl4·5H2O as metal precursor and thiourea as sulfur source. Different morphologies CZTS particles were obtained by different contents of PVP and CTAB. The structure,morphology and absorption spectra of the as-obtained CZTS particles were characterized by means of Xray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results revealed that the structure of as-synthesized CZTS particles is kesterite; the morphology and optical band-gap of CZTS has occurred a certain change with different ratios of PVP and CTAB. When PVP and CTAB ratio of 3∶1 was added to the reaction system,uniform and mono- disperse flower- like CZTS particles were obtained,the band gap of the CZTS is about 1.48 eV,which approaches the optimum value for solar photoelectric conversion. Finally,a possible fabrication mechanisms of CZTS particles was also inferred.
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Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS) particles were successfully synthesized in ethylene glycol by solvothermal method under different pH values with CuCl2·2H2O,Zn(Ac)2·2H2O and SnCl4·5H2O used as metal precursors,thiourea and PVP respectively used as sulfur source and surfactant.The effects of pH value of reaction system on the phase structure,morphology,population ratio and optical properties of prepared Cu2ZnSnS4 particles were analyzed by XRD,SEM,EDS and UV-Vis.The results reveal that pH vlaue has an influence both on the phase structure,morphology,population ratio and optical properties of CZTS particles.The optimum pH value of reaction system is 4.Under this condition,the structure of as-synthesized CZTS particles is kesterite structure;uniform and mono-disperse flaky-like CZTS particles are obtained,the population ratio of CZTS particles is 1.7:1.1:1.0:4.0;the band gap of the CZTS is about 1.51 eV,which approaches the optimum value for solar photo-electric conversion.
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The influence of secondary phases of ZnS and Cu 2 SnS 3 (CTS) in Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) absorber material has been studied by calculating the band offsets at the CTS/CZTS/ZnS multilayer heterojunction interfaces on the basis of the first principles band structure calculation. The ZnS/CZTS heterointerface is of type I and since ZnS has a larger band gap than that of CZTS, the ZnS phase in CZTS is predicted to be resistive barriers for carriers. The CTS/CZTS heterointerface is of type I; that is, the band gap of CTS is located within the band gap of CZTS. Therefore, the CTS phase will act as a recombination site in CZTS.
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Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is an environmentally friendly photovoltaic material with promising applications in thin-film solar cells. Although CZTS's efficiency is currently too low, stoichiometry/defect engineering presents a strategy for further improvement. As-grown CZTS is typically disordered and therefore prone to form secondary phases, making the final product stoichiometry difficult to determine and even harder to control. We use first-principles quantum mechanics in combination with Monte Carlo simulations to determine CZTS stoichiometry under various experimental conditions. We develop an approach to predicting the optimal CZTS stoichiometry, explaining the physical origin of Zn-enrichment observed in experiments. We further propose practical ways to introduce more free carriers into CZTS in order to screen observed local potential fluctuations, increase conductivity, and ultimately improve the efficiency of CZTS.
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The kesterite Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) nanocrystals (NCs) were successfully synthesized using a relatively simple and one‐step hydrothermal route. The structural, compositional, and optical properties of the kesterite CZTS NCs have been studied in detail. The pH‐dependent CZTS phase formation has been elucidated for the first time. The X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of a main phase kesterite CZTS structure only at pH 7. However, for pH values (4.3, 5, and 9), the formation of CZTS alongwith few secondary phases like Cu 2 SnS 3 (CTS), Cu 2− x S, and SnS 2 /Sn 2 S 3 have been detected. CZTS NCs of size 10–100 nm were obtained at 200 °C and pH 7. The synthesized NCs showed a pH‐dependent variation in optical band gap values from 1.15 to 1.44 eV, which is near optimum value for low cost thin film solar cells.
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Low cost single stoichiometric target sputtering of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) precursor has been adopted to fabricate CZTS solar cells. The effect of a series of deposition pressures and deposition durations on the device performance has been investigated. A 3.74% efficient solar cell has been achieved at a base pressure of 1 × 10−4 Torr with a stoichiometric target, which to the authors’ knowledge, is the record efficiency for such a stoichiometric target.
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