LepBank: A Leptospira sequence repository and a portal for phylogenetic studies
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Leptospirosis is a neglected infectious disease that constitutes a threat to both humans and animals. Comprehension about the epidemiological behavior and population dynamics of Leptospira may be helpful for the development of control measures. Thus, an effort was made to organize leptospiral sequences in a new and specific database. In addition, online bioinformatics tools were clustered in a web portal to facilitate sequences manipulation by scientists. LepBank (http://.lepbank.ufpel.edu.br) is a Leptospira sequences repository and a suite for systematics, which brings simplicity to leptospirosis research, integrating sophisticated online programs to a sequence database. We intend the database to be useful for the leptospirosis scientific community, providing standardized and high quality information and facilitating research into key aspects of the Leptospira taxonomy and phylogeny.Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by the spirochete Leptospira spp. It is often not clear why certain areas appear to be hotspots for human leptospirosis. Therefore, a predictive risk map for the Netherlands was developed and assessed, based on a random forest model for human leptospirosis incidence levels with various environmental factors and rat density as variables. Next, it was tested whether misclassifications of the risk map could be explained by the prevalence of Leptospira spp. in brown rats. Three recreational areas were chosen, and rats (≥25/location) were tested for Leptospira spp. Concurrently, it was investigated whether Leptospira spp. prevalence in brown rats was associated with Leptospira DNA concentration in surface water, to explore the usability of this parameter in future studies. Approximately 1 L of surface water sample was collected from 10 sites and was tested for Leptospira spp. Although the model predicted the locations of patients relatively well, this study showed that the prevalence of Leptospira spp. infection in rats may be an explaining variable that could improve the predictive model performance. Surface water samples were all negative, even if they had been taken at sites with a high Leptospira spp. prevalence in rats.
Zoonosis
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Objective To investigate the culture positive rate of people and mouse with leptospirosis in Qingyuan from 2000 to 2003. Methods Leptospira were cultured from the serum samples of patients and animals kidney. Anti leptospira antibodies were detected by the MAT method from the serum samples of health people, patients and mice. Results Leptospira were cultured from 17 samples of patientssera and animals kidney. The cultured leptospira were belong to Canicola, Autumnalis, Sejroe and Javanica sero groups. The positive rates of anti leptospira antibody of health people, patients and mice were 29.22%, 3.81%and 29.71%, respectively. Conclusions The positive rates of anti leptospira antibody of healthy people and mice were high. It was the first time that the Sejroe sero group of leptospira cultured from patient serum samples. Surveillance of leptospira should be enhanced. A more comprehensive control measures should be taken to prevent and control of leptospirosis.
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Background In tropical areas, Leptospirosis is still considered a public health problem, particularly in the event of heavy rainfall and flooding. Transmission of leptospira bacteria from infected animals, such as rats, takes place through the urine or blood. Different serovar leptospires can be found in different reservoir animals in the field. However, research on the presence of pathogenic leptospires in rats in Pati Regency, one of the areas with leptospirosis cases in Central Java, is very limited. Objectives: The purpose of this research is to identify Leptospira characteristics. Spp in rat and its distribution in Pati Regency. Methods: Rat capture was carried out in Bakaran Kulon Village in Pati Regency. Detection of pathogenic leptospires was carried out using the ropB gene and followed by phylogenetic analysis. As additional details, a buffer analysis was carried out to measure the distance between the positions of cases of leptospira and positive rats positions. Results: Pathogenic were found in 11.76% (2/17) of rats and shallows in the area of study. Based on DNA leptospires sequencing, Leptospira found in Bakaran Kulon Village Pati Regency were Leptospira interrogans serovar Bataviae and Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Ballum, both of which are pathogenic. Based on a buffer analysis, Leptospira-positive rat was found around cases of leptospirosis at distances of 30 and 60 m. Conclusion: This study shows that Leptospira spp. in rats found around the location of leptospirosis cases, which indicates that rats have great potential as transmitters of leptospirosis to humans.
Leptospira interrogans
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Molecular epidemiology of pathogenic <i>Leptospira</i> spp. among large ruminants in the Philippines
The extent of Leptospira infection in large ruminants resulting to economic problems in livestock industry in a leptospirosis-endemic country like the Philippines has not been extensively explored. Therefore, we determined the prevalence and carrier status of leptospirosis in large ruminants using molecular techniques and assessed the risk factors of acquiring leptospirosis in these animals. Water buffalo and cattle urine samples (n=831) collected from 21 farms during 2013–2015 were subjected to flaB-nested PCR to detect pathogenic Leptospira spp. Leptospiral flaB was detected in both species with a detection rate of 16.1%. Leptospiral DNA was detected only in samples from animals managed in communal farms. Sequence analysis of Leptospira flaB in large ruminants revealed the formation of three major clusters with L. borgpetersenii or L. kirschneri. One farm contained Leptospira flaB sequences from all clusters identified in this study, suggesting this farm was the main source of leptospires for other farms. This study suggested that these large ruminants are infected with various pathogenic Leptospira species causing possible major economic loss in the livestock industry as well as potential Leptospira reservoirs that can transmit infection to humans and other animals in the Philippines.
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Abstract We diagnosed leptospirosis in 2 patients exposed to southern flying squirrels imported from the United States to Japan. Patients worked with exotic animals in their company. Leptospira isolates from 1 patient and 5 of 10 squirrels at the company were genetically and serologically identical and were identified as Leptospira kirschneri.
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Objective To understand the anti-leptospira antibody level and bacterial distribution in the serum of healthy people and host animals,so as to provide scientific basis for prevention and control of leptospirosis. Methods Serum samples were collected from healthy people and host animals,and tested for antibodies to 15 leptospira serovars using the microscopic agglutination test( MAT). Results From 2007 to 2011,serum samples were collected from healthy people and host animals,such as the rats,ducks and dogs. The average positive rates of anti-leptospira antibody were 16. 53%,23. 95%,4. 98%,12. 15%,respectively. The main serotype was Leptospira autumnalis in human beings and dogs,which was Leptospira ballom in rats and Leptospira Hebdomadis in ducks. The rat density was 8. 66% and the dominant species was rattus norvegicus. Conclusion In the three host animals,the positive rate of rat serum was the highest,indicating the rats were still the main source and key monitoring object for leptospirosis epidemic. The rat density is high,so there is still a risk of leptospirosis epidemic.
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Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis frequently responsible for clinical disease in dogs and rarely reported in human people. The risk of human exposure to Leptospira has been investigated in a sample population working in the northeast of Italy, a geographical area with high endemicity of canine leptospirosis. Two-hundred twenty-one human serum samples were analyzed for Leptospira microagglutination test (MAT): 112 clinical freelance small animal practitioners (exposed subjects) and 109 people not occupationally exposed to Leptospira-infected animals (unexposed subjects) were voluntarily enrolled. Despite the previously reported serological detection of antibodies vs. Leptospira in people in different Italian regions, this study did not detect any reactivity in the investigated population. This study shows that veterinarians do not appear to be at a greater risk of leptospirosis than the reference population. This may be due to both veterinarian awareness of the Leptospira zoonotic risk and the efficiency of the preventive measures and management of patients. Moreover, it could be the result of the relatively low excretion of Leptospira in symptomatic dogs, which can be considered as an environmental sentinel for Leptospira presence rather than a vehicle of transmission.
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Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira, has been a health problem in Thailand for several years. It can be transmitted to humans via rats' urine, which may contaminate the environment. The prevalence rate of Leptospira infection in rats may result in the spread of leptospirosis in humans.The present study aimed to determine the prevalence rate of Leptospira infection in a total of 87 rats from areas where patients with leptospirosis had been reported compared to areas with no reports of leptospirosis in Sisaket Province.DNA samples were isolated from rats' kidneys. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used for the detection of 16s rRNA and LipL32 genes specific to genus and pathogenic Leptospira, respectively.In areas where patients with leptospirosis had been reported, 8.7% (4/46) of rats were infected with pathogenic Leptospira; no infected rats were found in non-endemic areas.This indicated the prevalence rate of Leptospira infection in rats between endemic and non-endemic areas of human leptospirosis. The prevalence rate of Leptospira infection in rats may result in the spread of leptospirosis to humans. These results may be of benefit in the prevention and/or control of the spread of leptospirosis in humans due to Leptospira-infected rats.
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Objective: To evaluate the serological profile of leptospirosis by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and dark field microscopy (DFM) and to determine the serovar prevalence rate among patients with pyrexia of unknown origin. Materials and Methods: A total of 3830 blood samples were received from different hospitals and laboratories in and around Chennai. They were screened for leptospirosis by MAT and direct observation of live Leptospira by DFM. Results: A total of 748 (19.5%) Leptospira positive cases were identified; among these, 36.76% were Leptospira australis, 30% were Leptospira canicola, 14.57% were Leptospira autumnalis, 12% were Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, 4.68% were Leptospira patoc and 1.87% were Leptospira grippotyposa. Patients were in the age group of 1-86 years, with a median age of 43.5 years. 50% positive cases were in the age group of 10-35 years. Majority of the Leptospira infected cases were males (62.98%) than females (37.02%). Conclusion: Leptospirosis occurs in Chennai throughout the year although the number and positivity of cases increased during the monsoon season.
Direct agglutination test
Leptospira interrogans
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Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonotic disease affecting mostly the world's tropical regions. The rural people of northeastern Thailand suffer from a large number of leptospirosis infections, and their abundant rice fields are optimal rodent habitats. To evaluate the contribution of diversity and carriage rate of pathogenic Leptospira in rodent reservoirs to leptospirosis incidence, we surveyed rodents, between 2011 and 2012, in four provinces in northeastern Thailand with the highest incidence rates of human leptospirosis cases. We used lipL32 real-time PCR to detect pathogenic Leptospira in rodent kidneys, partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing to classify the infecting Leptospira species, and whole 16S rDNA sequencing to classify species of isolated Leptospira. Overall prevalence of Leptospira infection was 3.6% (18/495). Among infected rodents, Bandicotaindica (14.3%), Rattusexulans (3.6%), and R. rattus (3.2%) had renal carriage. We identified two pathogenic Leptospira species: L. interrogans (n = 15) and L. borgpetersenii (n = 3). In addition, an L. wolffii (LS0914U) isolate was recovered from the urine of B. indica. Leptospira infection was more prevalent in low density rodent populations, such as B. indica. In contrast, there was a lower prevalence of Leptospira infection in high density rodent populations of R. exulans and R. rattus.
Leptospira interrogans
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