Corrigendum to “Procyanidin trimer C1 derived from Theobroma cacao reactivates latent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 provirus” [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 459 (2) (3 April 2015) 288–293]
Takanori HoriJacob Samson BarnorTung Nguyen HuuOsamu MorinagaAkiko HamanoJerry NdzinuAngela FrimpongKeren Minta-AsareMildred Amoa-BosompemJames BrandfulJohn Kofi OdoomJoseph BonneyIsaac TuffourBaffour-Awuah OwusuMark OfosuhenePhilip AtchogloMaxwell SakyiamahRichard AdegleRegina Appiah–OpongWilliam AmpofoKwadwo KoramAlexander K. NyarkoL.K.N. OkineDominic EdohAlfred Ampomah AppiahTakuhiro UtoYoshiyuki YoshinakaShin UotaYukihiro ShoyamaShoji Yamaoka
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Theobroma
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The critical revision of the vegetable material, based on the analysis of collected samples and of material preserved in the most important herbaria in the country, represents the first revision of the genus Theobroma for Venezuela. This allowed to determine six species of Theobroma L., of which Theobroma speciosum Willd. ex Spreng. is reported as new for Venezuela. The species of this genus have limited distribution and they are located predominantly in humid forests. Theobroma cacao L. is the most representative species of the genus and with the most wide distribution, being located from the centerwest to the east states of the country. In the taxonomic treatment, the sections accompanied by keys, descriptions and illustrations are indicated with details of flowers and fruits and information of use, habitat and fenology of the species Theobroma bicolor Humb. & Bonpl., Theobroma cacao L., Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum., Theobroma obovatum Klotzsch ex Bernoulli, Theobroma speciosum Willd. ex Spreng. and Theobroma subincanum Mart.
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Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) belongs to the family Malvaceae. It is an evergreen tree grown for its seeds (beans). Cocoa may also be referred to as cacao tree, koko, and Kacao. Cocoa seeds are majorly used in the manufacture of chocolate. The present chapter discusses about the diseases that are known to cause economic loss of cocoa.
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The present work analyzes the lipid fraction from seeds of wild Ecuadorian Theobroma subincanum and selected commercial varieties of Theobroma cacao from Mexico (var. Criollo) and Ecuador (var. Arriba). The lipid fraction was obtained from the seeds through supercritical fluid extraction and analysis performed by preparatory thin-layer chromatography followed by gas chromatography. The results revealed that in T. subincanum the triglycerides contain fatty acids with longer chains. The melting point and peroxide and saponifiable numbers were determined for each Theobroma sample. The results lead to the conclusion that T. subincanum would produce a poorer quality butter than T. cacao. Nevertheless, the results do point toward a significant commercial use of T. subincanum for low-profile products. Keywords: Theobroma subincanum; Theobroma cacao; cocoa butter; triglycerides; fatty acids; sterols; supercritical fluid extraction
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In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, the proportion of circulating mononuclear cells (PBMCs) which carry HIV provirus and the number of HIV proviral sequences per infected PBMC have been matters for conjecture. Using a double polymerase chain reaction which allows the detection of single molecules of provirus and a method of quantifying the provirus molecules, we have measured provirus frequencies in infected individuals down to a level of one molecule per 10(6) PBMCs. As a general rule, only a small proportion of PBMCs contain provirus (median value of samples from 12 patients, one per 8,000 cells), and most if not all of the infected cells carry a single provirus molecule. The frequency of provirus-carrying cells correlated positively both with the progression of the disease and with the success with which virus could be isolated from the same patients by cocultivation methods. Of seven asymptomatic (Centers for Disease Control stage II) patients, all but one contained one provirus molecule per 6,000 to 80,000 cells; of five Centers for Disease Control stage IV patients, all but one contained one provirus molecule per 700 to 3,300 cells. When considered in conjunction with estimates of the frequency of PBMCs that express viral RNA, our results suggest that either (i) the majority of provirus-containing cells are monocytes or (ii) most provirus-containing lymphocytes are transcriptionally inactive. We also present nucleotide sequence data derived directly from provirus present in vivo which we show is not marred by the in vitro selection of potential virus variants or by errors introduced by Taq polymerase. We argue from these data that, of the provirus present in infected individuals, the proportion which is defective is not high in the regions sequenced.
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Genetic similarities among eight Theobroma and two Herrania species, including 29 genotypes of T. cacao , were estimated by rDNA polymorphism. A phenogram based on these genetic similarities significantly separated two clusters: one cluster included all Herrania and Theobroma species, except T. cacao , while the second contained 28 of 29 T. cacao genotypes. There was no clear distinction between Herrania and Theobroma species. Separation of 29 T. cacao genotypes, representing all races and various origins, had no congruency with the conventional classification into three horticultural races: Criollo, Forastero, and Trinitario. Genetic similarities in T. cacao , estimated with RAPD markers, indicated continuous variation among the generally similar but heterogeneous genotypes. The wild genotypes formed an outgroup distinct from the cultivated genotypes, a distinction supported by the rDNA data. The phenograms constructed from RAPD and rDNA data were not similar within the wild and cultivated cacao subsets.
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