Study of Inter Vertebral Disc of Lumbar Vertebrae in both Males and Females of different ages in South Indian Population
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As back pain is a grave problem in both genders. Owing to the fast growth in the tomographic techniques I.V. disc of lumbar vertebrae is approached through various angles by keeping intact the spinal cord, spinal nerves and its meninges. Hence it has become a technically challenge to neurosurgeon for an adequate exposure for lesion excision, carpectomy vertebral body reconstruction with Cages, re-alignment and/or plating or screwing. Hence attempt is made to study the I.V. disc of lumbar vertebrae morpho-metrically to Contribute surgeons and diagnostic value for clinician, radiologist.Abstract The ostrich hyobranchial apparatus consists of the centrally positioned paraglossalia and basiurohyale and paired caudo‐lateral elements (horns), each consisting of the ceratobranchiale and epibranchiale. The paraglossalia lie within the tongue parenchyma and consist of paired, flat, caudo‐laterally directed cartilages joined rostrally. The basiurohyale forms a single dorso‐ventrally flattened unit composed of an octagonal‐shaped body from which extend rostral (the rostral process) and caudal (the urohyale) projections. The laryngeal skeleton consists of cricoid, procricoid and paired arytenoid cartilages. The large ring‐shaped cricoid cartilage displays a body and paired wings which articulate with each other and with the procricoid. The blunt, ossified, rostral projection of the cricoid and the scalloped nature of the arytenoid cartilages are unique to the ostrich. The procricoid is a single structure which links the paired arytenoids and wings of the cricoid. The hyobranchial apparatus is firmly attached to the tongue parenchyma and to the larynx and proximal trachea. In contrast to previous reports in this species, the horns of the hyobranchial apparatus are not related to the skull. Ossification of the body of the basihyale, the ceratobranchials and the rostral process and body of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx lends stability to these structures.
Cricoid cartilage
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The tracheal system arises as intrasegmental ectodermal invaginations in the anterolateral regions of the mesothorax, metathorax, and first eight abdominal segments. Dorsal, dorsal visceral, ventral visceral, and ventral tracheal branches from the spiracular tracheae form in most segments. A ventral visceral trachea is lacking in the mesothorax and a dorsal visceral in the metathorax. Before eclosion the metathoracic ventral visceral trachea disappears and the metathoracic spiracle becomes occluded. The longitudinal tracheal trunks develop after the segmental tracheae from cephalad branches from the spiracles. The ventrolateral trunk to the head supplies branches to all the cephalic appendages, including the antenna and labrum. The trachea to the prothoracic ganglion and leg probably represents the ventral trachea from a primitive prothoracic spiracle. The trachea to the suboesophageal ganglion and the cephalic ventrolateral trunk may represent branches from an original "labial" spiracle. An internal closing apparatus involves the spiracular tracheal wall and has a single opening muscle. The oenocyte bodies form by ectodermal cell proliferation in the posterolateral regions of the first eight abdominal segments.
Appendage
Bristle
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Objective:To establish the types of lumbar pseudospondylolisthesis (LP) in X ray diagnosis. Methods:From June 1992 to May 2000, 5 650 patients who were examined by X ray on their vertebrae were analyzed retrospectively. All the patients were examined by X ray with anteroposterior and lateral film, some patients were examined by X ray with special positions. Results:Four hundred and eighty five patients with LP (8.58%) were found in the group, including 121 males and 364 females. Most of LP occurred at the lower part of lumbar vertebrae, especially in the forth lumbar vertebrae. Conclusion:Most of LP occur at the lower part of lumbar vertebrae. According to the direction of the lumbar spondylolisthesis, LP can be divided into 4 types.
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The gross internal anatomy of females of a harpacticoid copepod, Paramphiascella fulvofasciata Rosenfield and Coull, 1974, was studied using light and transmission electron microscopy. The central nervous system consists of a protocerebrum, connectives, a subesophageal ganglion, and a ventral nerve chain bifurcating twice in the abdomen. The longitudinal musculature of the trunk consists of ventral and dorsal bilaterally symmetrical bundles of muscle fibres. The protractors and dilatators of a swimming leg are attached to tendons of the exoskeleton and the protopodite. The female genital system comprises an unpaired ovary in the frontal portion of the cephalothorax and a pair of oviducts extending towards a chitinized antrum, which lead to the genital apertures or vulvae. The formation of paired egg sacs is discussed. The alimentary tract consists of an esophagus, midgut, and hind gut. A midgut diverticulum is absent. The anus opens between and dorsal to the caudal rami and is overlapped by an anal operculum. Food uptake and fecal pellet formation are discussed.
Cephalothorax
Hindgut
Operculum (bryozoa)
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Objective
To explore the clinical value of magnetic resonance T2-mapping imaging in the diagnosis of early intervertebral disc degeneration in obese people.
Methods
From January 2018 to June 2019, 30 obese volunteers and 30 healthy volunteers with normal weight underwent T2-mapping scan, while their routine MRI examination showed no abnormalities were slected.The T2 value of nucleus pulposus in both two groups were measured and compared.
Results
The T2 values of nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc of lumbar 1-2, lumbar 2-3, lumbar 3-4, lumbar 4-5 and lumbar 5-sacral 1 in the control group were (108.17±10.87)ms, (113.93±11.54)ms, (126.65±10.22)ms, (118.62±8.86)ms and (111.61±10.65)ms, respectively, which of nucleus pulposus in different segments was statistically significant(F=14.28, P<0.001). The T2 values of nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc of lumbar 1-2, lumbar 2-3, lumbar 3-4, lumbar 4-5, lumbar 5-sacral 1 in the simple obesity group were (104.90±7.67)ms, (101.10±6.61)ms, (112.65±5.75)ms, (98.27±6.18)ms, (89.82±6.34)ms, respectively, , which of nucleus pulposus in different segments was statistically significant(F=49.52, P<0.001). There were statistically significant differences in the T2 values of nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc of lumbar 2-3, lumbar 3-4, lumbar 4-5, lumbar 5-sacral 1 between the two groups(t=5.283, 6.535, 10.327, 9.626, all P<0.001).
Conclusion
Magnetic resonance T2-mapping can detect early changes in tissue composition of intervertebral disc degeneration.Therefore, magnetic resonance T2-mapping imaging technology can provide an important reference for the early diagnosis of intervertebral disc degeneration in obese people.
Key words:
Magnetic resonance imaging; T2-mapping; Quantitative detection; Intervertebral disc degeneration; Intervertebtal disk; Lumbar vertebrae; Obesity
Intervertebral Disc
Intervertebral disk
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Study Design. Plain lateral radiographs of the lumbar spines of 607 women (age range 20–87 years) and 633 men (age range 20–92 years) were studied. Objective. To study the radiographic changes in the lumbar intervertebral discs and lumbar vertebrae with age. To compile a database of reference values for the age-dependent height of lumbar discs and concavity index of lumbar vertebral bodies as well as prevalence of vertebral osteophytes by age and sex. Summary of Background Data. There is a general agreement that changes induced by aging lead to alterations in the thickness of the disc, but there are differences in the accounts of the effect of aging on the thickness of the lumbar discs. Published methods to measure disc height yield, except for some exceptional cases, inaccurate results. Reference values of disc height and concavity index of lumbar vertebral bodies, suitable for quantitative comparison with a given disc and lumbar vertebral body, have yet to be established. Methods. Using a new protocol with a precision of 3.9%, the anulus heights of lumbar discs were measured from sets of lateral radiographic views of 607 women and 633 men. The measurement of concavity index of vertebrae was established for each vertebral body by dividing the central vertebral height by the anterior vertebral height. Results. The heights of lumbar discs T12–L1, L1–L2, L2–L3, L3–L4, L4–L5, and L5–S1 of men and women within the age 20–69 years increased with increasing age (4.6–6.9% in men and 4.7–8.4% in women). The concavity index of vertebrae T12, L1, L2, L3, L4, and L5 of men within age 20–87 years and of women within age 20–92 years decreased linearly with increasing age (0.9–1.5% in men and 1.6–3.2% in women). In other words, the vertebral body endplates became more concave with age. The prevalence of osteophytes was greater in men than in women in lumbar spine and increased with age. Conclusions. Using the new procedure and the database of reference values, it is possible to measure the height of lumbar discs and concavity of vertebrae objectively and precisely and to compare the results quantitatively with reference values.
Intervertebral Disc
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The anatomy of the cephalic venous system in the fowl was studied in 19 specimens by means of latex‐injected preparations and by dissection. The brain sinuses converge dorsally upon the large cervical sinus and vertebral veins. Dorso‐ventral communication is provided by the occipital veins posteriorly, while the ophthalmic system unites both dorsal and ventral sinuses and the temporal rete with the extracranial veins anteriorly. The jugular veins are formed from the superficial branches of the facial veins and serve mainly as outlets for extracranial blood. They are united at the base of the head by a prominent transverse anastomosis which slopes caudally towards the larger, right jugular. As in mammals, the carotid veins envelop the internal carotid arteries and anteriorly form a bulbous sinus cavernosus around the inter‐carotid anastomosis.
Sinus (botany)
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Abstract Background The chondrodystrophic body type predisposes miniature dachshunds to thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE). However, the relationship between thoracolumbar IVDE and the relative lengths of the thoracic and lumbar vertebral columns has not yet been evaluated. Methods This prospective multicentre study included 151 miniature dachshunds with ( n = 47) and without ( n = 104) thoracolumbar IVDE. All dogs had their thoracic and lumbar vertebral columns measured with a tape measure. Detailed descriptions were provided to facilitate consistent measurement. A thoracic to lumbar vertebral column ratio was calculated. Thoracolumbar IVDE was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography. Results The thoracic to lumbar vertebral column length ratio and absolute thoracic vertebral column length were significantly smaller in miniature dachshunds with IVDE than in those without IVDE ( p < 0.0001 for both). There were no significant differences in lumbar vertebral column length, age, sex or neuter status between the two groups. Limitations The dogs without IVDE did not undergo a neurological examination and the thoracic and lumbar vertebral column measurements were not validated. Conclusions The relative lengths of the thoracic and lumbar vertebral column segments could contribute to the development of thoracolumbar IVDE in miniature dachshunds. Further studies are needed to evaluate ideal thoracic to lumbar vertebral column length ratios in miniature dachshunds.
Vertebral column
Thoracic vertebrae
Posterior column
Spinal column
Intervertebral disk
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Objective Exercise has a positive effect on physical fitness. Tai Chi Chuan is a traditional Chinese aerobic exercise. We assessed the effect of Tai Chi on the degeneration of lumbar vertebrae and lumbar discs with magnetic resonance images. Methods This retrospective cohort study involved 2 groups of participants: 27 Tai Chi practitioners with more than 4 years of experience with regular Tai Chi exercise and 24 sex- and age-matched participants without Tai Chi experience. The lumbar magnetic resonance images of all participants were collected. The numbers of degenerated lumbar vertebrae and lumbar discs were evaluated by the same radiologist, who was blind to the grouping. Results The Tai Chi practitioners had significantly fewer degenerated lumbar vertebrae (1.9) and lumbar discs (2.3) than the control group (2.6 and 2.9, respectively). The most severely affected lumbar vertebrae and discs were L5 and L4/L5, respectively. Conclusion Regular performance of the simplified Tai Chi 24 form could possibly retard the degeneration of lumbar vertebrae and lumbar discs in middle-aged and aged people.
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