Dynamic visuomotor synchronization: Quantification of predictive timing
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Smooth pursuit
Stimulus (psychology)
During an execution of visuo-manual guiding tasks, eye movements, different from those observed in oculo-motor or oculo-manual tracking, are observed. These eye movements, even being similar to smooth pursuit with catch-up saccades, could not be called “smooth pursuit”. They are anticipating instead of pursuing the object being guided. In this work we analyse the differences between the smooth pursuit with catch-up saccades and the guiding eye movements. In this work it is shown that the nature of these two types of eye movements is the same and the model on the neural dynamics of guiding eye movements is the augmented smooth pursuit model. Significant differences in parameters of both eye movement groups are explained by determining the brain areas and pathways involved, thus indicating their purpose.
Smooth pursuit
Dynamics
Saccadic eye movement
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Smooth pursuit
Tracking (education)
Electrooculography
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This paper describes a detailed study of horizontal eye movements associated with visual tracking of a smoothly moving target. Essentially all children, even at target velocities as low as 5°/sec., show some saccadic eye movements superimposed on smooth tracking movements. Detailed analysis of pursuit eye-movements from a group of 26 poor readers and 34 normal controls (8 to 13 yr.) showed that about 25% of poor readers have an abnormally raised saccadic component in smooth pursuit. This suggests that studies of eye movements during tracking of smoothly moving targets at low velocity, combined with a quantitative approach to data analysis, may be useful for early detection of a significant proportion of poor-reading children.
Smooth pursuit
Tracking (education)
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Previous studies have shown that eye movement function decreases with age, with pursuit showing more effect than saccades. The aim of this study was to assess whether these age-related changes were reversible with eye movement training. This study with 28 young adults, 34 older adults and 36 control participants measured the effects of two weeks of training of both saccadic and pursuit eye movements. It was found that training resulted in a significant improvement in smooth pursuit function in both training groups, with the older group showing a greater improvement. No improvement occurred in saccadic function. These results suggest that the age-related decline in eye movement function may be due to irreversible degenerative changes in the central nervous system. The differential improvement supports the hypothesis that in normal viewing the ocular motor system is maximally stimulated for saccades but not smooth pursuit movement. Eye movement training, by providing extra stimulation, resulted in improved smooth pursuit in both groups to the extent that the age-related decrease in function was reduced but still remained. (author abstract)
Smooth pursuit
Saccadic eye movement
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This study used eye movement tests to examine whether frontal lobe dysfunction is present in delusional disorder.Smooth pursuit and voluntary saccadic eye movements of 15 delusional patients, 40 schizophrenic patients, and 40 normal subjects were recorded and analyzed statistically.The schizophrenic patients differed significantly from the normal subjects in some smooth pursuit eye movement characteristics, whereas both the schizophrenic and the delusional patients showed more saccades than the normal subjects during the smooth pursuit test. The delusional patients and normal subjects differed significantly in some voluntary saccadic eye movement characteristics.The data support the idea of a biological dysfunction in eye tracking in delusional disorder.
Smooth pursuit
Delusional disorder
Saccadic eye movement
Electrooculography
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Smooth pursuit
Saccadic eye movement
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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Optokinetic eye movements are elicited when tracking a moving pattern. It can be argued that a moving pattern of stripes invokes both the optokinetic and the smooth pursuit eye movement system, which may confound the observed brain activation patterns using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A moving pattern of limited‐lifetime‐dot stimulation does not target the smooth pursuit eye movement system. METHODS fMRI was used to compare the cortical activity elicited by an optokinetic eye movement response evoked by a moving pattern of stripes and a moving pattern of limited lifetime dots. RESULTS The eye movement behavior showed that both types of stimuli evoked an adequate and similar optokinetic eye movement response, but stimulation with stripes evoked more activation in the frontal and parietal eye fields, MT/V5, and in the cerebellar area VI than stimulation with limited‐lifetime dots. CONCLUSIONS These brain areas are implicated in smooth pursuit eye movements. Our results suggest that indeed both the optokinetic and the smooth pursuit eye movement system are involved in tracking a moving pattern of stripes.
Optokinetic reflex
Smooth pursuit
Frontal eye fields
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Smooth pursuit
Stimulus (psychology)
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Smooth pursuit
Electrooculography
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To detect whether the smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) and searching eye movement (SEM) could be considered as a biological marker of schizophrenia, and used as a tool in helping diagnosis of schizophrenia.88 schizophrenics, 77 patients with mood disorders, 32 with "neurosis", and 74 normal healthy controls were examined for SPEM and SEM individually. The authors verified the results in all the first-visit 150 outpatients in March 1993 by comparing the examination results with the clinical diagnoses after a 6-month follow-up.Significant differences were found in the number of eye fixation (NEF) and total eye scanning length (TESL) of SEM between schizophrenics and normal controls or patients with other disorders. Less NEF and shorter TESL could be helpful in differential diagnosis, and the agreement rate, Kappa coefficient was 0.62. No significant differences were found in SPEM in this investigation between non-medicated schizophrenics and normal controls.Searching eye movement (SEM) might be considered as a biological marker of schizophrenia and might be used as a supplementary tool in its diagnosis.
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