Applications of femtosecond laser induced Bragg gratings in silica and non-silica based optical fibers
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Since its development in 2003, the technique of Bragg grating inscription using an ultrafast infrared laser and a phase mask has proven to be far more versatile than the standard ultraviolet laser approach. The ultrafast IR laser-based process allows for the creation of grating structures in glassy and crystalline material waveguides that are not typically UV-photosensitive, thereby creating new applications for Bragg gratings where the use of UV-photosensitive silica fibers is not possible. In this paper we will review the studies that have been performed at the Communications Research Centre Canada on the applications of the ultrafast laser technique to fabricate gratings in various optical fibers and waveguides.Keywords:
Fiber Bragg Grating
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Ultraviolet
The development of Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser is reviewed. The basic principl es of its mode-locking, ultrashort pulse generation and its amplifiers are intro duced. The ultrafast time-resolved laser spectroscopy, including femtosecond flu orescence up-conversion and optical Kerr effect as well as its applications are presented.
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Fiber Bragg gratings have found widespread application in sensor systems, e. g. for temperature, strain or refractive index measurements. The concept of fiber Bragg gratings allows also in a simple way the realisation of arrays of such sensors. The development of such optical fiber sensor systems often requires special fibers and grating structures which may go beyond more conventional Bragg grating structures in typical communication fibers. Concerning fibers there is, for example., a need of achieving fiber gratings in small diameter fibers and fiber tapers as well as in microstructured fibers. Special fiber grating structures are of interest e.g. in the visible wavelength range, which requires smaller spatial structures compared to more conventional gratings in the near infrared wavelength region. Examples for such modern developments in fiber Bragg grating technology for sensor applications will be presented and discussed.
Fiber Bragg Grating
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Long-period fiber grating
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The development of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) is closely associated with the field optical fiber sensors. This chapter presents a personal overview of the history of FBGs, with particular emphasis on the interrelation and impact of FBGs with sensing. The major milestones for FBG-based sensing are identified, from the very discovery of fiber gratings to current developments that are described in full detail in the following chapters of this book.
Fiber Bragg Grating
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Since the discovery of photosensitivity in optical fibers there has been great interest in the fabrication of Bragg gratings within the core of a fiber. The ability to inscribe intracore Bragg gratings in these photosensitive fibers has revolutionized the field of telecommunications and optical fiber based sensor technology. Over the last few years, the number of researchers investigating fundamental, as well as application aspects of these gratings has increased dramatically. This article reviews the technology of Bragg gratings in optical fibers. It introduces the phenomenon of photosensitivity in optical fibers, examines the properties of Bragg gratings, and presents some of the important developments in devices and applications. The most common fabrication techniques (interferometric, phase mask, and point by point) are examined in detail with reference to the advantages and the disadvantages in utilizing them for inscribing Bragg gratings. Reflectivity, bandwidth, temperature, and strain sensitivity of the Bragg reflectors are examined and novel and special Bragg grating structures such as chirped gratings, blazed gratings, phase-shifted gratings, and superimposed multiple gratings are discussed. A formalism for calculating the spectral response of Bragg grating structures is described. Finally, devices and applications for telecommunication and fiber-optic sensors are described, and the impact of this technology on the future of the above areas is discussed.
Fiber Bragg Grating
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Long-period fiber grating
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Fiber Bragg grating is a novel optical passive device,which has become a research hotspot with making technology more and more mature and stable.Based on our university's researches on fiber Bragg grating,this paper introduced the fabricating method of fiber Bragg grating,the application of fiber Bragg grating in fiber lasers and fiber Bragg grating based on weighing sensor.This paper proposed that universities should set up experiments closely around the frontier science and technology,which can broaden students' horizons and educate urgent needed talents for our society.
Fiber Bragg Grating
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Long-period fiber grating
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The power supply is needed for traditional automatic fire alarming system when it is running.Electrified alarming sensors are prone to cause a fire where there are combustive and explosive things.Fiber bragg grating(FBG) and distributed FBG sensors reduce fire risks greatly.This paper studies the performance of a fiber bragg grating and a fiber bragg grating sensor,based on the physical working of a fiber bragg grating and a fiber bragg grating sensor.
Fiber Bragg Grating
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Long-period fiber grating
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This study describes the various techniques used in fabricating standard and complex Bragg grating structures in optical fibers. The objective here is to review a detailed outlook on the technology for inscribing Bragg grating structures. The fiber Bragg grating represents a periodic variation of the refractive index of the fiber core along the length of the fiber. Writing a fiber grating optically in the core of an optical fiber requires irradiating the core with a periodic interference pattern. Depending on the fabrication technique employed, Bragg gratings may be labeled as internally or externally written. Although internal Bragg gratings may not be considered are very practical or useful, nevertheless it is important to consider them, thus obtaining a complete historical perspective. Far more useful, Bragg gratings are inscribed using external techniques such as the interferometric, point-by-point and phase mask which overcome the fundamental limitation of internally written gratings. Although, these processes were initially considered difficult due to the requirements of submicron resolution and thus stability, today they are well controlled and the inscription of Bragg gratings using these techniques is considered routine. One of these methods (phase mask) has been used to fabricate the fiber Bragg grating for the sensitivity application such as temperature and strain sensor. The main aim of this article is to compare these methods and the selection of the optimal method for the fabrication of required fiber Bragg grating.
Fiber Bragg Grating
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Long-period fiber grating
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Fiber Bragg gratings have found widespread and successful applications in optical sensor systems, e. g. for temperature, strain or refractive index measurements. Such sensor elements are fiber integrated, are applicable under harsh environmental conditions, and can be easily multiplexed. In order to further extend the field of applications, there is a great interest in specifically adapted Bragg gratings, in Bragg grating structures with increased stability, or in the use of special fiber types for grating inscription. The paper discusses such specific concepts for grating inscription, covers novel aspects of fiber gratings in small diameter fibers or in fiber tapers, of gratings in pure silica fibers without UV sensitivity, of grating inscription in different microstructured fibers or photonic crystal fibers, and investigates the concept of femtosecond inscription and the extension of the Bragg reflection wavelengths down to the visible range.
Fiber Bragg Grating
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Long-period fiber grating
Microstructured optical fiber
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This letter demonstrates an approach for tuning fiber Bragg grating sensors with optical energy carried in the same optical fiber. Optical energy carried in the optical fiber was used to heat in-fiber Bragg gratings in order to alter the grating’s optical response to surrounding media. The functional enhancement of optically heated Bragg gratings as sensor devices is demonstrated by a dual-function Bragg grating temperature and level sensing array for liquid at room and cryogenic temperatures.
Fiber Bragg Grating
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Long-period fiber grating
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Considerable progress has taken place in the generation and application of ultrashort optical pulses. The methods and techniques for extending time-resolved measurements into the femtosecond (10(-15) second) time domain are described, and recent applications and fertile areas for investigation with femtosecond pulses are discussed.
Ultrafast optics
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