Cyanide induces Ca2+-dependent and -independent release of glutamate from mouse brain slices
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Cyanide ion
Cyanide Poisoning
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Total cyanide analysis by distillation is used most commonly to assess cyanide content of water samples. This manual method is robust but slow and provides no information about cyanide speciation, a significant limitation in that cyanide species have substantially different toxicity characteristics. Seven alternative methods for the analysis of cyanide species or groups of species were evaluated in reagent water and five different contaminated water matrices, including five species-specific methods − weak acid dissociable (WAD) cyanide, free cyanide by microdiffusion, available cyanide, automated WAD cyanide by thin film distillation, metal cyanides by ion chromatography − and two automated techniques for total cyanide − total cyanide by thin film distillation and total cyanide by low-power UV digestion. The species-specific cyanide analytical techniques achieved low, ppb-level detection limits and exhibited satisfactory accuracy and precision for most contaminated waters. Analysis of low concentrations of cyanide species in raw wastewater was problematical for the available cyanide and ion chromatography methods, which experienced significant interference problems and/or low recoveries. There was recovery of significant diffusible cyanide in microdiffusion tests with nickel-cyanide-spiked samples, reflecting dissociation of this weak metal-cyanide complex during the test and demonstrating that the test can recover some fraction of WAD cyanide in addition to free cyanide. The automated total cyanide methods, which involve UV digestion, achieved low detection limits for most waters but exhibited low recoveries for some waters.
Hydrogen cyanide
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Abstract Cyanide is an extremely toxic lethal poison known to humankind. Developing rapid, highly sensitive, and selective detection of cyanide from water samples is extremely essential for human life safety. Driven by the need, here we report a gold‐nanoparticle‐based label‐free surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) system for highly toxic cyanide ion recognition in parts‐per‐trillion level and to examine gold‐nanoparticle–cyanide interaction. We have shown that the SERS assay can be used to probe the gold nanoparticle dissociation process in the presence of cyanide ions. Our experimental data indicates that gold‐nanoparticle‐based SERS can detect cyanide from a water sample at the 110 ppt level with excellent discrimination against other common anions and cations. The results also show that the SERS probe can be used to detect cyanide from environmental samples.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Cyanide ion
Cyanide Poisoning
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This paper reviewed the physical and chemical properties of cyanide species - free cyanide and iron-cyanide complexes, and the potential of cyanide phytoremediation with reference to the phytotoxicity of free cyanide and iron-cyanide complexes in plants. There are three possible pathways, which are β-cyanoalanine synthase, sulfur transferase and formamide hydrolase pathways, for transforming and assimilating endogenous free cyanide in plants. Iron-cyanide complexes are generally resistant to microbial and fungal degradation. It is suggested that there may be undiscovered degradation pathways involved in assimilating iron-cyanide complexes in plants; however the detailed pathways of assimilation of iron-cyanides are still unknown. While uptake of free cyanide is mainly by simple diffusion, as iron-cyanide complexes are membrane-impermeable, it is suggested that the complexes may be transported into the plants through the mode of protein mediated uptake. Upon uptake, biological fates of cyanide species vary with different species of cyanide, depending on their chemical properties and concentrations. Phytotoxicity of free cyanide in plants is much higher than that of iron-cyanide complexes as plants could generally withstand a higher concentration of iron-cyanide complexes comparing with free cyanide. However, it is still unsure if the iron-cyanide complexes are toxic themselves or if they disrupt the metabolism of plants indirectly. It is known that endogenous cyanogenic compounds play a role in providing sources of nitrogen and acting as precursors in some biochemical processes in plants. Studies suggested that exogenous cyanide species, to a certain extent, could benefit the plants through providing nutrition to them. However, there is still no study conclusively indicates that there is a direct acquisition of exogenous cyanide species by plants as their alternative source of nitrogen. Further investigations on the degradation pathways of iron-cyanide complexes and the essential enzymes involved in phyto-assimilation of iron-cyanide complexes are required for better understanding of the degradation and assimilation pathways of cyanogenic compounds in plants.
Hydrogen cyanide
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Cyanide Poisoning
Spectrophotometry
Hydrogen cyanide
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Methemoglobin
Absorbance
Spectrophotometry
Cyanide Poisoning
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It is well known that cyanide is an extremely toxic lethal poison with human death within minutes after exposure to only 300 ppm cyanide. On the other hand, cyanide is released into the environment (mainly through waste water) every day from various human activities. Therefore, rapid, sensitive and cost-effective cyanide trace detection is an urgent need. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a method that meets these requirements. It should be noted, however, that in this technique SERS substrates, which are usually made of gold or silver, will be leached with aqueous cyanide by the formation of complexes between gold or silver with cyanide. This will cause the SERS spectrum of cyanide to be modified. When determining cyanide concentrations by SERS analysis, this spectral modification should be taken into account. This report presents the SERS spectral modification of aqueous cyanide traces (in ppm and lower concentration range) when the SERS substrates used are flower-like silver micro-structures.
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Pillar
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Cyanide, an EPA priority pollutant and target analyte, is typically measured as total. However, cyanide complexation, information which is not acquired through total cyanide analysis, is often a driver of cyanide toxicity and treatability. A case study of a former manufacture gas plant (MGP) is used to demonstrate the usability of various cyanide analytical methods for risk and treatability assessments. Several analytical methods, including cyanide amenable to chlorination and weak acid dissociable cyanide help test the degree of cyanide complexation. Generally, free or uncomplexed cyanide is more biologically available, toxic, and reactive than complexed cyanide. Extensive site testing has shown that free and weakly dissociable cyanide composes only a small fraction of total cyanide as would be expected from the literature, and that risk assessment will be more realistic considering cyanide form. Likewise, aqueous treatment for cyanide can be properly tested if cyanide form is accounted for. Weak acid dissociable cyanide analyses proved to be the most reliable (and potentially acceptable) cyanide method, as well as represent the most toxic and reactive cyanide forms.
Cyanide Poisoning
Hydrogen cyanide
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