Mechanism of Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Characterization
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Salinity is a major abiotic stress limiting growth and productivity of plants in many areas of the world due to increasing use of poor quality of water for irrigation and soil salinization. Plant adaptation or tolerance to salinity stress involves complex physiological traits, metabolic pathways, and molecular or gene networks. A comprehensive understanding on how plants respond to salinity stress at different levels and an integrated approach of combining molecular tools with physiological and biochemical techniques are imperative for the development of salt-tolerant varieties of plants in salt-affected areas. Recent research has identified various adaptive responses to salinity stress at molecular, cellular, metabolic, and physiological levels, although mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance are far from being completely understood. This paper provides a comprehensive review of major research advances on biochemical, physiological, and molecular mechanisms regulating plant adaptation and tolerance to salinity stress.Keywords:
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Abstract Abiotic stresses, such as heat, drought, salinity, low temperature, and heavy metals, inhibit plant growth and reduce crop productivity. Abiotic stresses are becoming increasingly extreme worldwide due to the ongoing deterioration of the global climate and the increase in agrochemical utilization and industrialization. Plants grown in fields are affected by one or more abiotic stresses. The consequent stress response of plants induces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are then used as signaling molecules to activate stress‐tolerance mechanism. However, under extreme stress conditions, ROS are overproduced and cause oxidative damage to plants. In such conditions, plants produce anthocyanins after ROS signaling via the transcription of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. These anthocyanins are then utilized in antioxidant activities by scavenging excess ROS for their sustainability. In this review, we discuss the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms underlying abiotic stress‐induced anthocyanins in plants and their role in abiotic stress tolerance. In addition, we highlight the current progress in the development of anthocyanin‐enriched transgenic plants and their ability to increase abiotic stress tolerance. Overall, this review provides valuable information that increases our understanding of the mechanisms by which anthocyanins respond to abiotic stress and protect plants against it. This review also provides practical guidance for plant biologists who are engineering stress‐tolerant crops using anthocyanin biosynthesis or regulatory genes.
Plant Physiology
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Salicylic acid (SA) plays many roles in plant physiology. Besides pathogenesis-related resistance, SA is involved in the response to abiotic stress. However, the effects of SA on plant resistance to abiotic stress were found contradictionary, and the actual role of SA in abiotic stress remains unresolved. Generally, deficiency of SA or a very high level of SA increase the plant susceptibility to abiotic stress. The optimal levels for the highest stress tolerance range from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm for most plants. But the role of SA at a certain level in moderate and severe abiotic stress may be different. This can be attributed to redox regulations in plant cells. In this paper, we discuss the relationship between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and SA, and propose a subsequent intracellular signal transduction network of SA and ROS under abiotic stress. Anti-stress substances besides antioxidant enzymes induced by SA are also summarized.
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Agricultural productivity is highly influenced by abiotic stresses, known as the most harmful factor concerning the growth and productivity of crops worldwide. Furthermore, industrial crops are nowadays highly influenced by abiotic stress; these include extremes in temperature, drought, salinity, heavy metals and radiation. Typical studies were discussed by many researchers about the control of abiotic stress in plants by the expression, over-expression or switching off abiotic stress-related genes. Despite the rapid evolution of the research, some crops are still expected to decline by 15 to 32% in the next fifty years. Consequently, engineering genes that protect and maintain the function and structure of cellular components can enhance tolerance to stress. This review presents principal methods adapted in the control of plants abiotic stresses including recent advances in using transgenes for the improvement of abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Specified analysis of recent advances in abiotic stress control could describe trehalose as a better compound in the control of plant abiotic stresses. Therefore, studies of genes-related trehalose metabolism and associated patterns could not only provide an improved plant metabolism, phenotypes and texture, but in fact, the plants become highly resistant to abiotic stress. Key words: Abiotic stresses, crops, expression, over-expression, switching off, trehalose, genes-related.
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Abstract Combined abiotic and biotic stresses modify plant defense signaling, leading to either the activation or suppression of defense responses. Although the majority of combined abiotic and biotic stresses reduce plant fitness, certain abiotic stresses reduce the severity of pathogen infection in plants. Remarkably, certain pathogens also improve the tolerance of some plants to a few abiotic stresses. While considerable research focuses on the detrimental impact of combined stresses on plants, the upside of combined stress remains hidden. This review succinctly discusses the interactions between abiotic stresses and pathogen infection that benefit plant fitness. Various factors that govern the positive influence of combined abiotic stress and pathogen infection on plant performance are also discussed. In addition, we provide a brief overview of the role of pathogens, mainly viruses, in improving plant responses to abiotic stresses. We further highlight the critical nodes in defense signaling that guide plant responses during abiotic stress towards enhanced resistance to pathogens. Studies on antagonistic interactions between abiotic and biotic stressors can uncover candidates in host plant defense that may shield plants from combined stresses.
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Plants are always facing different kinds of stresses. Among them abiotic stresses are major hazard to plant growth and development. Impaired physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes are the adverse effects that occur in plants in response to different abiotic stresses. The damaged metabolism and retarded growth of plants in abiotic stress conditions also affect the crop productivity worldwide. Different phytohormones have been proposed to take part in the abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Among them, salicylic acid (SA) is one of the most important one, which plays a crucial role in abiotic stress responses apart from its role in biotic stresses during pathogenesis. In response to abiotic stresses, endogenous level of SA is increased. So, proper application of SA before stress conditions can provide a mechanism of abiotic stress tolerances in plants. For that reason, SA can be used as a tool for combating different types of abiotic stresses in plants. However, the exact mechanism of SA signaling during abiotic stress conditions is still least understood, but it has been stated that SA performs its role in plants with the accumulation of H2O2. Some of the distinguishing factors are the key points in SA-mediated abiotic stress tolerance in plants, such as concentration of SA, mode of application, endogenous SA level, type of plant species, etc. Another important phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) also has a role in abiotic stress conditions by changing the endogenous level. The exogenous application of JA can also induce the tolerances of plants during the abiotic stress conditions. In this chapter, we are trying to summarize different roles and modes of action of SA and JA in plants during the abiotic stress conditions.
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The volume deals with other aspect (s) of metabolic activities of plants under abiotic stress. This book discusses techniques for improving yield potential and adaptiveness to unfavorable environmental conditions. This book also addresses how knowledge of the changes in physiological mechanisms can contribute in understanding the yield structure under abiotic stress. • Abiotic Stress and Metabolic Responses in Plants • Abiotic Stress and Secondary Metabolites in Plants • Microbes: Support and Protect Plants against Abiotic Stresses • Abiotic Stress and Physiological Traits in Plants • Abiotic Stress and Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) in Plants
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Around the world, abiotic stress is increasing as a result of a global climate changes, which has become the one of most important challenges for the world. The studies on plant response to abiotic stress can help us to understand how plant tolerant the abiotic stress. In the paper, the progresses of the study on plant abiotic stress response genes were reviewed.
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