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Electrostatics
DLVO theory
Particle (ecology)
Hamaker constant
Surface force
Electrostatic force microscope
Electrostatic interaction
Force Field
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DLVO theory
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Surface force
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This chapter contains sections titled: Historical development of van der Waals forces and the Lennard-Jones potential Dispersion forces Retarded forces Van de Waals forces between macroscopic bodies Theory of the Hamaker constant Use of Hamaker constants The DLVO theory of colloid stability Flocculation Some notes on van der Waals forces Industrial Report: Surface chemistry in water treatment Sample problems
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Electrostatic force microscope
Hamaker constant
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Most often in chemical physics, long range van der Waals surface interactions are approximated by the exact asymptotic result at vanishing distance, the well known additive approximation of London dispersion forces due to Hamaker. However, the description of retardation effects that is known since the time of Casimir is completely neglected for the lack of a tractable expression. Here we show that it is possible to describe surface van der Waals forces at arbitrary distances in one single simple equation. The result captures the long sought crossover from non-retarded (London) to retarded (Casimir) interactions, the effect of polarization in condensed media, and the full suppression of retarded interactions at large distance. This is achieved with similar accuracy and the same material properties that are used to approximate the Hamaker constant in conventional applications. The results show that at ambient temperature, retardation effects significantly change the power law exponent of the conventional Hamaker result for distances of just a few nanometers.
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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Measurement of Force Curves Measuring Surface Forces by the Surface Force Apparatus Forces between Macroscopic Bodies Theory of DLVO Forces between Two Surfaces Van der Waals Forces – the Hamaker Constant Electrostatic Force between Surfaces in a Liquid Spatially Resolved Force Spectroscopy Force Spectroscopy Imaging of Single DNA Molecules Solvation Forces Hydrophobic Forces Steric Forces Conclusive Remarks Acknowledgments References
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This chapter contains sections titled: Van der Waals Forces Between Molecules The Van der Waals Force Between Macroscopic Solids The Derjaguin Approximation Retarded Van der Waals Forces Measurement of Van der Waals Forces The Casimir Force Summary Exercises
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This chapter contains sections titled: van der Waals forces between molecules The van der Waals force between macroscopic solids Microscopic approach Macroscopic calculation – Lifshitz theory Surface energy and Hamaker constant Concepts for the description of surface forces The Derjaguin approximation The disjoining pressure Measurement of surface forces The electrostatic double-layer force General equations Electrostatic interaction between two identical surfaces The DLVO theory Beyond DLVO theory The solvation force and confined liquids Non DLVO forces in an aqueous medium Steric interaction Properties of polymers Force between polymer coated surfaces Spherical particles in contact Summary Exercises
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Working at the macroscopic continuum level, we investigate effective van der Waals interactions between two layers within a multilayer assembly. By comparing the pair interactions between two layers with effective pair interactions within an assembly we assess the significant consequences of nonadditivity of van der Waals interactions. This allows us to evaluate the best numerical estimate to date for the Hamaker coefficient of van der Waals interactions in lipid-water multilamellar systems.
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Adhesion force of nanomaterials such as nanoparticle, nanowire, and nanorods should be significantly considered for its mechanical applications. However, examination of the adhesion force is limited since it is technically challenging to carry out experiments with such small objects. Therefore, in this work, molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) was conducted to determine the adhesion force between a nanowire and a flat surface, which could not be readily assessed through experiments. The adhesion force of a cylindrical-shaped nanowire was assessed by performing MDS and applying an equation of Van der Waals interaction. Simulation was conducted in two steps: indentation of a spherical tip on the flat surface and indentation of a cylinder on the flat surface, because the purpose of the simulation was comparing the results of the simulation and calculation of the Van der Waals interaction equation. From the simulation, Hamaker constant used for the equation of Van der Waals interaction was determined to be 2.93 °o 10?18 J. Using this constant, the adhesion force of the nanowire on the flat surface was readily estimated by calculating Van der Waals equation to be approximately 65~89 nN with respect to the diameter of the nanowire. Moreover, the adhesion force of the nanowire was determined to be 52~77 nN from the simulation It was observed that there was a slight discrepancy (approximately 15~25%)between the results of the simulation and the theoretical calculation. Thus, it was confirmed that the calculation of Van der Waals interaction could be utilized to assess the adhesion force of the nanowire.
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