Is Rhodnius prolixus (Triatominae) invading houses in central Brazil?
Rodrigo Gurgel‐GonçalvesFernando Abad‐FranchJônatas Barbosa Cavalcante FerreiraDaniella B. SantanaCésar Augusto Cuba Cuba
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Triatominae
Rhodnius
Abstract Rhodnius prolixus Stȧl was successfully reared for three generations on a diet of defibrinated pig blood fed through Parafilm or silicone-rubber membranes. Reproduction in terms of the number and sizes of eggs produced was superior to, while survival from egg to adult was equal to that reported for, insects fed on live hosts. The technique appears equally applicable to the rearing of Panstrongylus megistus (Burm.), Triatoma infestans (Klug) and T. brasiliensis Neiva. The inadequacy of cow blood as a diet for R. prolixus was manifested in a decrease in adult size after two generations and in a reduction of egg weight from 30 to around 16 mg per female per week. This was accompanied by a corresponding reduction in egg hatch from 90 to about 50%.
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Among the 18 genera of the Triatominae subfamily, three stand out for their diversity and epidemiological importance: Triatoma, Panstrongylus, and Rhodnius. Rhodnius includes 21 species that can transmit Trypanosoma cruzi (the etiological agent of Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis) and Trypanosoma rangeli. The Rhodnius prolixus complex comprises seven species, including Rhodnius marabaensis, Rhodnius prolixus, and Rhodnius robustus, which occur in the northern region of Brazil. Since both adults and immatures can carry T. cruzi, in this study the five nymphal instars of the three species mentioned were dorsally characterized.Using microscopy, morphometrics, and geometric morphometrics, the present work measures and describes the morphological characters of the five nymphal instars of R. marabaensis, R. prolixus, and R. robustus.The study enabled the characterization of all five nymphal instars, as well as the distinction between the three species in each of their instars.The morphological, morphometrics of the head, thorax, and abdomen and geometric morphometrics studies of the head enabled the specific distinction of these three species in all five instars.
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Rhodnius prolixus, one of the most importantvector of Chagas’ disease in Venezuela, was ba-sically considered in this country as related to thedomiciliar transmission cycle (O Cova-Garcia etal. 1959 Publ Div Malariol 11: 209-253). In thesylvatic environment it was observed that this spe-cies was mainly adapted to palm tree crowns andnests of Mycteria americana . R. prolixus is a veryeclectic species feeding on marsupials, rats, birdsand reptilians. Moreover, it is agreed that the ad-aptation of R. prolixus to human dwellings was aconsequence of human colonization of the naturalfoci of Trypanosoma cruzi (F Pifano1973 ArchVenezol Med Trop Parasitol Med 5: 3-29).During a search for triatomids performed in anAtlantic rain forest area in Teresopolis, State ofRio de Janeiro, we collected a total of 23 speci-mens (2 adults and 21 nymphs) of R. prolixus fromwhich 13 were infected by T. cruzi . Eleven nymphswere found in the axils of Pteridophyta leaves; 2adults and 4 nymphs in leafages, probably opos-sum nests and 6 nymphs were collected on the trunkof palm-tree. Several eggs could be found in theaxils of 1 Pterydophyta (Fig. 1). The studied area, Granja Florestal, Teresopolis,can be characterized as a secondary rain forest withpoor human dwellings on the forests borders. Thelocal population live basically on small agricul-ture and hunting. Weekly searches were performedbetween September and March (1994-95) and in-cluded palm-trees, bracts of pteridophyta, bird andmammal nests, leafages and bromeliaceae. The collected insects were maintained in glassflasks, fed through a membrane (ES Garcia et al.1975 Rev Brasil Biol 35 : 207-210) and the nymphswere allowed to moult. Seven isolates of T. cruziwere obtained through inoculation of swiss micewith the feces of the infected bugs. Axenic me-dium derived metacyclic forms (10
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Autogeny, the capacity of a female to lay eggs without having ingested any blood meal in the adult stage, was studied in three species of Triatominae: Triatoma infestans, Triatoma rubrovaria, and Rhodnius prolixus. When nymphs of T. rubrovaria and R. prolixus were fed chicken blood, autogeny occurred frequently, even with only one meal. In T. infestans autogeny was frequent as well, but demanded at least two nymphal blood meals. Total number of autogenic eggs was positively correlated with the body weight of the adult female. We conclude, therefore, that autogeny is common in Triatominae
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Abstract Background: Among the 18 genera of the Triatominae subfamily, three stand out for their diversity and epidemiological importance: Triatoma , Panstrongylus , and Rhodnius . The genus Rhodnius includes 21 species that can transmit Trypanosoma cruzi (the etiological agent of Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis) and Trypanosoma rangeli . The Rhodnius prolixus complex comprises seven species, including Rhodnius marabaensis , Rhodnius prolixus , and Rhodnius robustus , which occur in Northern region of Brazil. Since both adults and immatures can carry T. cruzi , in this study the five nymphal instars of the three species mentioned were dorsally characterized. Methods: By means of light microscopy, morphometrics and geometric morphometrics, the present work measures and describes the morphological characters of the five nymphal instars of Rhodnius marabaensis , Rhodnius prolixus , and Rhodnius robustus . Results: The study allowed the characterization of all the five nymphal instars, as well as the distinction between the three species in each of their instars. Conclusions: The morphological, morphometrics of the head, thorax, and abdomen and geometric morphometrics studies of the head enabled the specific distinction of these three species in all the five instars.
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Através de um lote de ninfas e adultos de Rhodnius, proveniente de Mira Estrela, Estado de São Paulo, assinalamos pela p rim e ira vez, a presença de Rhodnius prolixus nesse Estado.
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Introduction. Rhodnius colombiensis occasionally comes into human dwellings and consequently its role as an important potential vector in the transmission of American trypanosomiasis has been suggested.Objective. The potential role of R. colombiensis as vector was defined by comparing the feeding and defecation patterns between R. colombiensis and R. prolixus, the main domiciliary vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in Colombia.Materials and methods. For each developmental stage of R. colombiensis and R. prolixus the following data were collected: (1) time of feeding initiation, (2) the time for reaching the repletion,(3) the number of interruptions and defecations during the feeding, (4) the time between the end of the feeding and the first defecation, (5) the number of defecations during 10, 60 and 95 minutes of observation after feeding, and (6) the quantity of blood ingested.Results. The mean time of feeding initiation of the fifth instar nymphs, males and females, showed significant differences between the two species. The average of insects that defecated within 10 minutes after feeding was higher for each successive stage of R. prolixus and showed significant differences with Rhodnius colombiensis. In contrast, the mean weight of blood ingested by each stage of R. colombiensis and R. prolixus was significantly different between the N1, N2, N5 and females of these species.Conclusion. Rhodnius colombiensis produced fewer defecations than R. prolixus during feeding. A higher percentage of R. prolixus defecated within 10, 60 and 95 minutes after feeding. However, R. colombiensis remains a longer time in contact with the vertebrate host, thus raising the probability of its role in transmission considering its occasional entry to human dwellings and its higher prevalences of infection withT. cruzi and T. rangeli.
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