Some further investigations on chloroplast TPNH diaphorase
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Ammonium sulfate
Simulated moving bed
Foam fractionation
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We conducted hydroponic experiments growing soybean (Glycine max), rice (Oryza sativa), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) under K and Ca replete conditions to establish the degree of K isotopic fractionation by plants, and compare the isotopic fractionation of Ca and K. Each of the test plants displays fractionation relative to the growth solution favoring the light isotopes of K and Ca. The average δ41K values of the roots from the three plant species were similar, and have an overall average of −0.55 ± 0.24‰ 2s, while the overall average δ44Ca for roots is −0.67 ± 0.44. For leaves, the overall average of δ41K is −0.97 ± 0.4‰, compared to an overall average leaf δ44Ca of −0.83 ± 0.09‰. In the case of the soybean plants, the lightest K and Ca occurs in the stems with average δ41K of −1.31 ± 0.40‰ 2s and average δ44Ca of −1.20 ± 0.19 ‰ 2s. We present a simple box model involving the relative fluxes of K and its isotopic fractionation that reproduces our K isotopic observations and suggests a fractionation of ∼0.8‰ with K uptake from solution by roots. Directly comparing the per amu fractionation of K and Ca reveals an average factor of 2.05 ± 0.50 2s greater fractionation of K isotopes which may reflect their different roles and behaviors in plants.
Equilibrium fractionation
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In this paper, the effect of temperature on the fractionation of heavy metal Cd adding into the soil was researched by the method of chemical sequential extraction in indoor incubation experiment. The results indicate that Cd adding into soil exits in the form of exchangeable fractionation in the temperature of 30 ℃ and 10 ℃, and the activity of Cd in 30 ℃ is stronger than in 10 ℃. Cd exits in the form of residual fractionation during the incubation forepart of -30 ℃ and in the form of exchangeable fractionation during the anaphase when the total concentration of Cd is high. The distribution coefficient of exchangeable fractionation is bigger than other forms in -30 ℃ when the total concentration of Cd is low. The content of bound-organic fractionation is zero during freezing. The Cd content of non-residual fractionation is relatively high and the activity is also strong when the pollution of Cd is serious.
Chemical fractionation
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Abstract The behaviour of whole and fractionated calf thymus histones in the ultracentrifuge and under electrophoresis has been studied, and the amino‐acid compositions of the fractions have been compared. Various protein‐protein interactions have been demonstrated which have made it apparent that the isolation of the proteins comprising the mixture by chemical methods of fractionation is unlikely to be successful. The normal fractionation procedures have been shown to modify the properties of the proteins. A chromatographic technique has been described which resolved five components.
Sedimentation
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Sedimentation
Analytical Ultracentrifugation
Particle (ecology)
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The partial purification of glutathione S-transferases(GSTs) in the larvae of Micromelalopha troglodyta was studied using ammonium sulfate fractionation and polyethyleneglycol(PEG) fractionation.The results showed that the peak of GST activity was in 40%~60% of ammonium sulfate fractionation,and the specific activity was 174.41 nmol/(min·mg),and the purification factor was 1.39 fold.The efficacy of purification by PEG20000 was the best in five kinds of PEG tested.By the PEG20000 fractionation,the activity peak of GSTs was in 10%~15%,the specific activity was 454.14 nmol/(min·mg),and purification factor was 15.50 fold.Therefore,the efficacy of GST purification by PEG20000 was better than that of ammonium sulfate fractionation in M.troglodyta.
Ammonium sulfate
Specific activity
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We evaluated the dual-precipitation method for quantitative measurement of lipoproteins as described by Wilson and Spiger [J. Lab. Clin. Med. 82, 473 (1973)] for normo- and hyperlipemic sera, by comparison with the results obtained with ultracentrifugation. If serum with an above-normal triglyceride concentration is analyzed, the very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol value obtained with the precipitation method is usually too low. For measurement of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol the ultracentrifugation and precipitation procedures give comparable results, but the latter method is preferred because sinking pre-beta-lipoproteins present in the high-density lipoprotein fraction isolated by means of the ultracentrifuge may result in falsely high values for cholesterol in that fraction. Therefore, at least for the determination of very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in hyperlipemic serum, the use of an ultracentrifuge remains necessary. Because few laboratories have an ultracentrifuge at their disposal, it seemed important to look at the stability of sera in view of the forwarding of samples. Also, a way of increasing the efficiency of the ultracentrifuge was studied. Sera can be stored for a week at 4 degrees C or for 54 h at room temperature without noticeable effect on lipoprotein values. Moreover, reliable values can be obtained with an ultracentrifugation time of 8 h (0.8 X 10(8) g-min).
Analytical Ultracentrifugation
Fraction (chemistry)
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Isolation of different density lipoproteins by ultracentrifugation can require lengthy centrifugation times and freeze/thawing of plasma may influence recovery.We isolated a range of lipoproteins using a preparative ultracentrifuge and the TLX micro-ultracentrifuge and determined the effect of freeze/thawing of plasma beforehand.In fresh plasma, there was no significant difference in results for small-dense low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B (LDL apoB) (density >1.044 g/mL) or cholesterol at density >1.006 g/mL. Freeze/thawing had no effect on closely correlated results for small-dense LDL apoB (r=0.85; p<0.0001) or high-density lipoprotein (r=0.93; p<0.0001).The TLX micro-ultracentrifuge is a reliable alternative to the preparative ultracentrifuge and freeze/thawing has only a small effect on small-dense LDL apoB or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Analytical Ultracentrifugation
High-density lipoprotein
Low-density lipoprotein
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