Deuterium tracer studies on cobalt catalyzed Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: Addition of alcohols
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Fischer–Tropsch process
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This chapter contains sections titled: Basics of Fischer–Tropsch Chemistry and BTL Cobalt Fischer–Tropsch Catalysis Fischer–Tropsch Reactors Biomass Pretreatment and Gasification Biomass-to-Liquids Process Concepts BTL Pilot and Demonstration Plants XTL Energy and Carbon Efficiencies BTL Summary and Outlook References
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Abstract Inter-well tracer test (IWTT) is a method used to track the movement of injection fluid and identify the field connectivity. The mechanism of IWTTs consists of injecting slugs of tracer in the water injector and observing the tracer at the producers from water samples. One of the advantageous of the IWTT is the uniqueness of tracers which indicates to a specific tracer origin. However in fields which apply produced water reinjection, the original location of the tracer might not be determined. This is caused by the reinjection of produced tracer in other injectors. The tracer reinjection could add noises to the tracer data which might lead to misinterpretations. The basic idea to overcome this problem is to minimize the noises so that it cannot be detected. It could be achieved by maintaining the noise level under the detection limit of the analytical tool (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry). The noise created from the tracer reinjection is directly proportional to the amount of tracer being re-injected and the amount of tracer being re-injected is directly proportional to the initial amount of tracer being injected in the first injector. Therefore in order to minimize the noises, the initial tracer amount should also be minimized. However, too little amount of tracer might prevent the tracer from being observed in the target producers. This paper discusses the methodology in optimizing the tracer amount. There are basically 4 criteria that need to be considered in optimizing the tracer amount. First, the tracer amount should be sufficient for the tracer to be detected in the target producers. Second, the tracer amount should be minimal to keep the noises below the detection limit. Third, the tracer amount should also results in minimum delay of tracer reading in the producers. The last criterion is to keep a minimum cost for the IWTT project. This methodology has high potentials to serve as a guideline for reservoir engineers when designing an IWTT in PWRI fields. In conclusion, by having a proper design, the IWTT in PWRI fields can give the same benefits as in the non-PWRI fields.
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Abstract Die thermische Zersetzung des Eisencarbonyls Fe 3 (CO) 12 an Magnesiumoxidoberflächen im Vakuum führt zu Clusterverbindungen mit nul1wertigem Eisen.
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This paper examines the Fischer-Tropsch technology for the biomass-to-clean fuels scenario.A comparison of the activities,selectivities and lifetimes of iron and cobalt catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is made.For the more severe conditions,iron is the more active catalyst,whereas a cobalt catalyst may be more active at low severity conditions.In spite of many reports,there are still considerable differences in defining catalyst activity.The selectivity for methane likewise shows a wide range of reported results.Under the proper conditions,both catalysts are capable of operating for 6 months or more.
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Journal of the Chemical Society Faraday Transactions 1 Physical Chemistry in Condensed Phases (1972)
The thermal gas phase reaction of propene with monomeric trimethylaluminium has been studied at temperatures from 455 to 549 K using a static reaction system and Teflon coated reaction vessels. Initial propene pressures ranged from 190 to 370 Torr (25.33 to 49.33 kN m–2) and the ratio of propene to AlMe3 varied from 4.9 to 24.1. Overall conversions between 0.4 and 12.4 % with respect to alkyl groups were observed. In excess propene the overall reaction involves the rate determining addition of propene to the Al—CH3 bond (k1) to give Me2AlBui followed by the fast elimination of isobutene and subsequent addition of propene to Me2AlH, yielding Me2AlPrn.The rate constant k1, corrected for path degeneracy, is given (with standard errors) by the Arrhenius relationship log(k1/l. mol–1 s–1)= 5.60 ± 0.18 –(20.35 ± 0.44)/θ where θ= 2.303 RT/kcal mol–1.These results when compared with earlier data for the systems AlEt3+ ethylene and AlMe3+ ethylene appear to support a one-step 4-centre concerted process rather than the concept of olefinaluminium alkyl complexes as intermediates formed in these reactions, as proposed earlier.
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1-Propanol and 2-propanol were selectively oxidized over Co-Mg-O catalysts supported on TiO2 and Al2O3. Propanal and propene were the primary products in 1-propanol and 2-propanol oxidation, respectively. At high reaction temperatures, propene formed could be further oxidized to propanal. The formation of propanal from propene was confirmed by the direct oxidation of propene. In addition, the sequence of cobalt and magnesium loading had no effect on the structure or catalytic performance of the catalysts investigated.
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