Kinetics of mast cell migration during transplantation tolerance
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Abstract D iamant , B., P. G. K rüger and B. U vnäs . Local degranulation of individual rat peritoneal mast cells induced by compound 48/80 . Acta physiol. scand. 1970. 79 . 1–5. Degranulation of individual rat mast cells is shown to occur at the site of administration of compound 48/80 by the use of micropipets placed close to the mast cell membrane. Varying degree of degranulation can be induced. It is possible to induce repeated degranulation by local application of 48/80 to the same area of the cell at least four times. The results suggest that compound 48/80 acts directly on the cell membrane and this interaction seems to be the primary cause of the extrusion of granules.
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食物过敏症是世界范围的一个主要健康问题。桅杆房间在桅杆房间 degranulation 为需要广泛地被学习的立即的超敏性起一个很重要的作用。在这研究，一条途径被采取在 vitro 学习敏化的桅杆房间 degranulation 的特征，它与桅杆房间和动物模型的学习联系了。BALB/c 老鼠被几食物变应原分别地使免疫，然后，血和腹桅杆房间在不同时间点被收集。一颗动态决心在桅杆房间和 serumal IgE 之间被执行。顺序的时间点上的比较分析证明在敏化的 BALB/c 老鼠在桅杆房间 degranulation 和 IgE 抗体 titers 之间有靠近的巧合。而且，敏化的桅杆房间能在 vitro 对挑战实现特定的 degranulation，有趣，但是仔细， tropomyosins 导致了桅杆房间 degranulation 显示的生气反应。这很类似于在 vivo 抵抗变应原的 IgE。学习在桅杆房间上揭示了一些特征，来自敏化的 BALB/c 老鼠，在 vitro 的 degranulation。
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The action of a toxic substance (P-II fraction), extracted from the pedicellariae of Toxopneustes pileolus, on rat mesentery mast cells was studied. P-II fraction (3×10−5-2×l0−3g/ml) caused a dose-dependent degranulation of mesentery mast cells. The degranulation induced by P-II fraction (10−3g/ml) increased with time, while compound 4 8/80 (1μg/ml) caused a more rapid degranulation. These reactions were dependent on Ca2+ and temperature. When glucose (5.5mM) was omitted during the incubation step, the degranulation by P-II fraction was significantly reduced as compared to that of compound 48/80. On the other hand, the degranulation by P-II fraction was effectively potentiated by the addition of glucose (5.5mM), while the effect of compound 48/80 was unaltered. The effect of theophylline, adrenaline and DSCG on degranulation by P-II fraction or compound 48/80 was compared. In both cases, the degranulation was inhibited by these drugs. These results suggest that P-II fraction-induced degranulation differs from that of compound 48/80 in regards to time course and effects of glucose.
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The common iliac lymph nodes (CILN) have been investigated on 24 preparations from corpses of elderly persons (5 male and 7 female corpses), died from the causes not connected with the lymphatic system diseases, lower extremities and pelvic organs. The CILN with their afferent and deferent lymphatic vessels are revealed by means of interstitial injection into the lower extremities and pelvic organs, as well as by means of direct injection into lymphatic vessels. The form, amount, size and topography of CILN are studied. Lymphatic vessels, running from certain parts of the body and organs to various subgroups of CILN are described, as well as lymphatic vessels, connecting the nodes both within each subgroup and between the subgroups. There is a tendency in prevalence of amount and size of the lateral subgroup of the lymph nodes over the nodes of other subgroups of CILN; tendency in prevalence of amount of the lymph nodes in men, and their size--in women; prevalence of amount of right CILN and their size in the left--in persons of both sex; in 70% of the cases the amount of afferent lymphatic vessels to CILN prevails over that of the deferent lymph nodes.
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Up to 80-90th of XX century, lymphatic system was considered as a part of vascular system, performing the functions of drainage of tissue fluid from the organs, in addition to the venous system. In the second half of XX century, detailed research of the organs of lymphatic system, and of lymph nodes in particular, lead to the understanding of a defensive role of this system, which participated in the elimination of foreign (potentially dangerous) particles--fragments of dead cells and other tissue elements. Tissue fluid containing these substances, is absorbed into lymphatic capillaries (where it gains the name of lymph), flows through the lymphatic vessels to the lymph nodes, which serve as lymph biological filters. In the lymph nodes, the foreign particles are detained on the fibers of the reticular meshwork, where they are recognized by lymphocytes and are eliminated with the help of macrophages. After passage through the lymph nodes, cleared lymph flows into the blood through lymphatic ducts and trunks, which are continuous with the large veins in the lower regions of the neck. Thus, the lymph nodes, that are the organs of immune system, which are formed by lymphoid tissue and possess special structures for the clearance of lymph (tissue fluid), are, at the same time, the organs of lymphatic system. Lymphatic capillaries and vessels provide the transport of the lymph (tissue fluid) to the lymph nodes and conduct the lymph to the blood.
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The pressure in the cutaneous lymphatic capillaries of normal mice anesthetized with nembutal ranged between 0.0 and 2.7 cm. of water. Measurements of the interstitial pressure in the tissue immediately next the lymphatics showed that, in more than half the instances studied, there was a slight gradient of pressure from the tissues to the lymph. In nearly all the other instances the pressures inside and outside the lymphatic capillaries were approximately equal. In two cases in which lymph flow in the capillaries was rapid, the lymph pressure may have been negative. Under these circumstances there must have been a considerable gradient of pressure from the tissues to the lymph. In skin which was rapidly becoming, or had recently become, edematous as result of the application of xylol or of heat, the intralymphatic capillary pressure generally was increased, yet when compared with the pressure prevailing in the edema fluid outside of the capillaries it was usually found to be relatively much lower, at times by as much as 5.9 cm. of water. The findings indicate that a pressure gradient is an important factor in lymph formation under normal and pathological circumstances.
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Previous studies in the literature indicate that intraenteric placement of the chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (f-Met-Leu-Phe) evokes an intestinal inflammatory response characterized by an accumulation of interstitial fluid and increased lymph flow. Furthermore, it is known that movement of lymph away from the intestine is dependent on the rhythmic pumping of lymph by collecting lymphatics in the mesentery. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the f-Met-Leu-Phe-induced increase in lymph formation is countered by an increase in lymphatic pump efficiency. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, and a segment of ileum with adjacent mesentery was exteriorized. The mesentery was positioned over an optical window, and a 100-microns collecting lymphatic was selected for study. The preparation was transferred to a video microscope, and the activity of the lymphatic pump was monitored under control conditions and during intraluminal infusion of 1 microM f-Met-Leu-Phe. Lymph propulsion by the lymphatic pump was calculated from the product of stroke volume and contraction frequency. In one group of animals, total lymph flow was determined by cannulating the lymphatic draining the ileal segment. Total lymph flow increased following f-Met-Leu-Phe placement in the intestine. The increased lymph flow was paralleled by a rise in lymphatic pumping. The rise in lymph propulsion by the lymphatic pump resulted exclusively from an increased stroke volume, inasmuch as contraction frequency did not change. The results of the present study suggest that activation of the lymphatic pump during acute inflammation may be important in preventing interstitial edema.
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Lymphatics are a unidirectional transport system that carries fluid from the interstitial space and back into the blood stream. Initial lymphatics take up not only fluid but also high-molecular-weight substances, such as plasma proteins and hyaluronan; immune cells, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells; and colloidal particles, such as carbon particles, bacteria, and tattoo dye. Interstitially injected colloidal particles are known to accumulate in the regional lymph nodes. This phenomenon is applied to find sentinel lymph nodes in cancer patients. Lymph flow rate and composition are influenced by interstitial fluid, lymphatic pump activity, and intra-lymphatic pressure. Lymph composition is changed during its flow downstream. In this review, the main focus is on the mechanisms of lymph formation at the initial lymphatics and lymph transport through the collecting lymphatics and lymph nodes. (*English Translation of J Jpn Coll Angiol, 2008, 48: 113-123.).
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