First Report of Tomato torrado virus in Tomato in the Canary Islands, Spain
A. Alfaro‐FernándezM. C. Córdoba‐SellésM. C. CebriánJesús Á. Sánchez-NavarroA. EspinoRaquel Martín-FolgarC. Jordá
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In 2003, greenhouse-grown tomato crops (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in the Canary Islands (Spain) were observed showing an initial yellowing in defined areas at the base of the leaflet that later developed into necrotic spots or an extensive necrotic area progressing from the base to tip. Fruits were also affected, showing necrotic areas and often developing cracking. Generally, the plants that were affected seemed to be burnt, their growth was reduced, and the production level was seriously damaged. Similar symptoms have been observed in Murcia (Spain) since 2001, which have been recently associated with Tomato torrado virus (ToTV) infection (2). Twenty-two tomato samples showing "torrado disease" symptoms were collected from different greenhouses between 2003 and 2006 in Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain). To verify the identity of the disease, double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA was performed on leaf and fruit extracts of symptomatic plants using polyclonal antibodies specific to Potato virus Y (PVY), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) (Loewe Biochemica, Sauerlach, Germany), and Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) (DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany). Total RNA was extracted from the 22 tomato samples with the RNAwiz Extraction kit (Ambion, Huntingdon, United Kingdom) and tested using one-step reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR with the SuperScript Platinum Taq kit (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Barcelona, Spain) with primers specific to PepMV (1) and ToTV (2). All analyses included healthy tomato plants as negative controls. Five of the twenty-two tomato samples were positive for PepMV and negative for the other viruses tested by serological analysis. However, all 22 samples were positive in RT-PCR performed with the primers specific to ToTV segment RNA2. The RT-PCR assay to detect ToTV produced an amplicon of the expected size (580 bp). No amplification product was observed when healthy plants or a water control were used as a template in the RT-PCR reaction. The ToTV RT-PCR product was purified (High Pure PCR Product Purification kit, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) and sequenced. BLAST analysis of one sequence (GenBank Accession No. EF436286) showed 99% identity to ToTV RNA2 sequence (GenBank Accession No. DQ388880). To our knowledge, this is the first report of ToTV in the Canary Islands. References: (1) I. Pagán et al. Phytopathology 96:274, 2006. (2) M. Verbeek et al. Online Publication. doi:10.1007/s00705-006-0917-6. Arch. Virol., 2007.Keywords:
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TYLCV transmission to different tomato accessions (Solanum lycopersicon L.) mediated by Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) During December 2006- February 2007 transmission of TYLCV to tomato potted plants mediated by Bemisia tabaci (Biotype B) was evaluated in insect proof cages. Tomato plants of Rio Orinoco hybrid (ROH), Rio Grande hybrid (RGH), Cid hybrid (CH) and Rio Grande variety (RGV) were exposed for 48 hours in individual cages to whiteflies raised either on viral infected tomato plants or healthy cotton plants. Thereafter, plants were observed daily for symptoms detection. Presence of Begomovirus in source plants was determined by PCR amplifying the 550 and 851 bp fragments of the central region of the gene coding for the viral coat protein. The sequences of the amplified fragments have 99% and 96% identity respectively with a TYLCV isolate. For experimental plants only presence of Begomovirus was determined amplifying by PCR the 550 bp fragment. ROH, RGH and RGV showed symptoms 11.3±1.4, 11.2±1.5 and 11.2+1.4 days post exposure period to the whiteflies, respectively. No symptoms were observed on CH tomato plants despite detection of Begomovirus by PCR. Symptomatic plants reached 100% for RGH and RGV, as well as 95% for ROH. These results suggest specific resistance of CH tomato plants to TYLCV infection. Additional key words: Resistant cultivars, vector, Begomovirus, Geminiviridae
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Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), Potato (Solanum tuberosum), Brinjal (Solanum melongena) and Chilli (Capsicum annum) are important and valuable food commodities. During storage the food commodities are spoiled by both biotic and abiotic agents amongst whom fungi play important role. In the present study mycoflora of Lycopersicon esculentum, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum melongena and Capsicum annum were studied using blotter method, dilution method, Agar plate method, and direct slide method during different seasons such as rainy, winter and summer. Altogether nineteen fungal species were isolated from Lycopersicon esculentum, Twelve from Solanum tuberosum, sixteen from Solanum melongena and thirteen from Capsicum annum during all the three seasons.
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Antioxidant are chemical compounds that can donate one or more electrons to free radicals, so that the free radical reaction is inhibited. Generally, the compounds that have potential as an antioxidant are flavonoids, phenolics and alkaloids. Leaves of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) are plants that contain alkaloid. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of leaves of fruit tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, var. pyriforme Alef.) and leaves of vegetable tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, var. commune Bailey.) with DPPH method (1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryl Hydrazil). Ethanol extract is obtained by extracting the leaves of friut tomato powder (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, var. pyriforme Alef.) and the leaves of vegetable tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, var. commune Bailey.) with maceration. Antioxidant activity was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer with maximum absorption wavelength is 514 nm. Readable absorbance is used to calculate % inhibition and IC 50 . The results showed that the samples of the leaves of fruit tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, var. pyriforme Alef.) and leaves of vegetable tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, var. commune Bailey.) have antioxidant activity with IC 50 values of each of 279.482 µg/mL and 280.190 µg/mL. This shows the ethanol extract of leaves of fruit tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, var. pyriforme Alef.) and leaves of vegetable tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, var. commune Bailey.) has a very weak activity as an antioxidant.
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